BSC3096 UF Exam 1 (Chapters 1-8) All Pearson+ Flashcards

Abdominopelvic cavity

The continuous cavity formed by the abdomen and pelvis, containing organs such as the stomach, intestines, and liver.

Absolute refractory period

Prevents the backward travel of an action potential along an axon

absorption

Transfer of substances from the lumen of the kidney or gastrointestinal tract to the extracellular space (Ch 3, 5, 15, 21)

Absorption vs Secretion

Absorption is transport from the lumen to the extracellular fluid; secretion is from the extracellular fluid to the lumen.

acclimation

Physiological adjustment to environmental change in a laboratory setting (Ch 1)

acclimatization

The adaptation of physiological processes to a given set of environmental conditions (Ch 1)

Acetylcholine

A neurotransmitter that is rapidly broken down by acetylcholinesterase in the synaptic cleft.

acetylcholine (ACh)

Neurotransmitter used by neurons of the central and peripheral nervous system.

acetylcholinesterase (AChE)

Enzyme that breaks down acetylcholine in the synapse.

Acid

A substance that increases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

Action Potential

A rapid rise and subsequent fall in voltage or membrane potential across a cellular membrane, primarily in neurons.

Activation energy

The energy required to initiate a reaction.

activation gate

Sodium channel gate that opens to initiate an action potential.

Active transport

Movement of molecules across cell membranes requiring energy input from an outside source, such as ATP.

Adaptive significance

The reason why a physiological response helps an organism survive in a particular environment.

addition reaction

Reaction in which a functional group is added to one or more of the substrates.

adherens junctions

Bands that link actin microfilaments in adjacent cells together with the help of cadherins (Ch 4)

adipocyte

Fat cells (Ch 3, 16, 22)

adrenal cortex

Outer portion of adrenal gland that produces steroid hormones (Ch 7, 11, 20, 23)

adrenal gland

Endocrine and neuroendocrine gland that sits on top of the kidney (Ch 7, 11, 18, 23)

adrenergic neuron

Neuron that secretes norepinephrine.

Adrenergic Neurons

Neurons that secrete norepinephrine.

adrenergic receptor

Receptor that binds to norepinephrine or epinephrine.

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)

Anterior pituitary hormone that targets the adrenal cortex to control the synthesis and release of cortisol.

aerobic

Adjective pertaining to a process that requires oxygen.

Affinity

The degree to which a substance tends to combine with another.

agonist

Molecules that combine with a receptor and mimic a response (Ch 2, 6, 7, 8, 11)

Agonists

Competing ligands that mimic each other's actions

allosteric modulator

Binds to an enzyme away from the binding site and change the shape of the active site (Ch 2)

alternative splicing

The processing of mRNA to make different proteins from a single strand of DNA.

amination

Addition of an amino group to a molecule.

Amine hormones

Hormones derived from either tyrosine or tryptophan that may behave like peptide hormones or a combination of steroid and peptide hormones.

Amino acid-derived (amine) hormones

Hormones created from modifications of single amino acids, such as tryptophan or tyrosine.

Amino acid-derived hormones

One of the three main chemical classes of hormones

AMPA and NMDA receptors

The receptor channels involved in long-term potentiation.

AMPA receptor

Glutamate receptor-channel that allows net Na+ influx.

AMPA receptors

Ligand-gated monovalent cation channels in the CNS.

amplifier enzyme

A membrane enzyme that creates two or more second messengers during signal transduction (Ch 6, 7)

Amplitude of graded potentials

Determined by the strength of the triggering event

anabolism

Metabolic pathways that require a net input of energy and that synthesize small molecules into larger ones.

anaerobic

Adjective pertaining to a process that does not require oxygen.

anchoring junction

Form of cell-cell or cell-matrix junctions (Ch 3)

Anion

What do you call a negatively charged ion?

Antagonism

The interaction where one hormone opposes the action of another hormone.

Antagonism (receptor effect)

A situation where one hormone decreases the number of receptors for the opposing hormone.

antagonist

One substance opposes the action of another (Ch 2, 6, 8, 11)

Antagonistic hormone

What is the term for a hormone that opposes the action of another hormone?

Antagonistic hormones to insulin

Glucagon and growth hormone.

anterior pituitary gland

An endocrine gland in the brain that secretes multiple hormones (Ch 7, 9, 23, 26)

Anterior pituitary hormones and their primary targets

1. Growth hormone (GH) - liver, 2. Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) - thyroid, 3. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) - adrenal cortex, 4. Prolactin (PRL) - mammary glands, 5. Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) - gonads, 6. Luteinizing hormone (LH) - gonads.

anticodon

The tRNA base triplet that pairs with the mRNA codon for an amino acid.

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Another name for vasopressin.

antidiuretic hormone (ADH, vasopressin)

Posterior pituitary hormone that regulates water reabsorption in the kidney (Ch 7, 20)

Antiport carrier

A carrier protein that moves molecules in opposite directions.

Apical membrane

Also known as the mucosal membrane.

apical membrane/surface

The surface of transporting epithelial cells that faces the lumen of an organ (Ch 3, 5, 10, 19, 20, 25)

Apoptosis

Programmed cell death, a normal part of development and health maintenance.

Aquaporin (AQP)

The protein that creates special water channels in cell membranes.

Arachidonic Acid Cascade

A process that creates lipid signal molecules such as leukotrienes, prostaglandins, and thromboxanes.

aspartate

Amino acid that also acts as an excitatory neurotransmitter.

astrocyte

Glial cells in the CNS that contact both neurons and blood vessels.

Astrocytes

Maintaining homeostasis and forming part of the blood-brain barrier

atherosclerosis

Pathological condition in which lipids and calcium deposit beneath the vascular endothelium (Ch 5, 15)

ATP

The molecule primarily responsible for energy transfer and storage in cells.

ATP-gated K+ channel

Which type of channel in beta cells closes when ATP binds to it?

autocrine signal

A local chemical signal that acts on the cell that secreted it (Ch 6, 7, 8)

Autocrine Signals

Chemical signals that act on the same cell that secreted them.

Autonomic division control

Smooth and cardiac muscles, exocrine glands, some endocrine glands, and some types of adipose tissue.

Autonomic neurons

Neurons that control smooth and cardiac muscles, glands, and some adipose tissue.

Axon

A long process of a neuron that carries outgoing information

axonal transport

Movement of material between the axon terminal and the cell body.

axon hillock

Region of the axon where it joins the cell body. Often contains the trigger zone.

axon terminal

The distal end of a neuron where neurotransmitter is released into a synapse.

basal lamina

An acellular layer of extracellular matrix that lies beneath an epithelium, holding the epithelial cells to underlying cell layers. Synonym: basement membrane (Ch 3, 9, 13, 15, 19, 26)

Base

A substance that decreases the hydrogen ion concentration in a solution.

Basolateral membrane definition

The three surfaces of an epithelial cell that face the extracellular fluid, below the tight junctions.

basolateral membrane/surface

The sides of transporting epithelial cells that face the extracellular fluid.

Basolateral membrane transporter

Na+-K+-ATPase.

Berthold's experiment significance

It demonstrated that testes secrete something into the blood that affects the entire body, laying the foundation for the field of endocrinology

Beta blockers

Primarily used to treat high blood pressure.

binding site

Region of an enzyme or transport protein to which the substrate binds (Ch 2)

bioenergetics

The study of energy flow through biological systems.

Biological membranes formation

Noncovalent associations of phospholipids and proteins.

Biological transport

The movement of materials within and between compartments, requiring energy from concentration gradients or chemical bonds.

biomolecule

Organic molecules associated with living organisms (Ch 2)

blind study

An experiment in which the subject does not know if he or she is receiving the experimental treatment (Ch 1)

blood

The circulating portion of the extracellular fluid (Ch 3, 11, 16, 17, 18)

bone

Calcified connective tissue (Ch 3, 9, 10, 12, 15, 16, 23)

Branches of the autonomic division

Sympathetic and parasympathetic.

brown fat

Adipose cells that contain multiple lipid droplets (Ch 3, 23)

Buffer

A solution that resists changes in pH when an acid or base is added.

Bulk Flow

The movement of fluids within a compartment due to a pressure gradient, carrying all its component parts with it.

cadherin

Membrane-spanning protein of adhesive junctions that links two cells together (Ch 3)

calcium as an intracellular messenger

Activates protein kinases.

Calmodulin

A protein that binds calcium ions and alters enzyme or transporter activity or the gating of ion channels.

Cannon's four postulates of homeostatic control

The nervous system plays an important role in maintaining homeostasis.

Carbohydrates

Organic molecules associated with living organisms, including carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleotides.

Carrier Protein

A transport protein that binds with specific substrates and carries them across the membrane by changing conformation.

Carrier proteins

Carrier proteins protect steroid hormones from enzymatic degradation, extending their half-life.

Carrier proteins

Proteins that bind with specific substrates and change conformation to move them across the membrane.