Studied by 2 people
L’anse aux Meadows
oldest European settlement in the Americas, founded and abandoned by the vikings
1492
Christopher Calombus landed in the Bahamas (which he thought were the indies)
Christopher Colombus (3)
Columbus and his brother, Bartholomew thought they could find new trade routes by sailing into the indies across the “ocean sea” (there was a clump of islands and lands, Columbus thought it was india so he named it the indies).
The Portuguese refused to fund his voyage so the Spanish ended up doing so in the end.
His Voyage started in 1492.
Doctrine of Discovery
if no christians inhabit the land, it is free to claim
1534
Jacques Cartier makes his first voyage to Canada
Jacques Cartier (3)
explorer who named canada, traded furs and met with Donnacona Chief at Stadacona
made 3 voyages
mapped gulf of st. Lawrence
1608
L’habitation (present day Quebec) was founded by Samuel de Champlain
L’Habitation
First permanent european settlement in North America built by Samuel De Champlain, present day Quebec City
Samuel De Champlain
french explorer who founded L’habitation, later known as, Quebec City
Ville-Marie
One of New France’s most important trading post, present day Montreal
Henry Hudson
discovered hudson’s bay, marooned mutinied and never seen again
1670
The Hudson's Bay company was founded
Hudson’s Bay
Founded in 1670 by the British as a major trading post, particularly for furs
Ruperts Lands (2)
land owned by the Hudson’s Bay Company
it's the Hudson’s Bay watershed
Nonsuch
Ship of Radisson and desgroseillers courrier de bois
Treaty of Utrecht
Treaty signed in 1713 ending conflict between the french and british, ending french expansion and giving french territory to the britis
New France
the territory colonized by France in North America, beginning with the exploration of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence by Jacques Cartier in 1534 and ending with the cession of New France to Great Britain and Spain in 1763 under the Treaty of Paris
Acadia
acadia was a french colony captured by the British during the war of spanish succession, present day nova scotia
Acadians (4)
Acadians developed their own identity. They had become a people that were culturally distinct from the French and Canadians of New France.
British tried persuading them to move back to France, but the Acadians didn’t want to so instead they swore the Oath of Allegiance
they prospered
Acadians remained neutral
Expulsion of Acadians (6)
begins again in 1754
Acadians asserted a desire to be neutral, Lawrence decides that the Acadians must be deported
Evacuation was brutal and poorly planned
Houses and barns are burned
Most are sent to the 13 colonies, some sent to England
Continual deportation as the British captured more French territory
The seven years war (3)
1756-1763
Rivalry between Britain and France
leads to, expulsion of the Acadians, colonization, and the battle of Abraham.
Treaty of paris ends war 1763
Battle of the Plains of Abraham (3)
In Sept. of 1759, Britain fights for Quebec
Battle takes place just outside of the walls of Quebec
James Wolfe-British General, Louis Montcoin-Fre
James Wolfe
British general who fought and died during the battle of the plains of Abraham
Marquis De Montcalm
French general who fought and died during the battle of the plains of Abraham after making the pivotal mistake of fighting without his whole army.
Pontiac (3)
Odawa first Nations war chief who fought and allied with the French during the battle of the Plains of Abraham
Took 9 of 12 British forts
Eventually signed a peace treaty with British for hunting grounds
Articles of Capitulation: during 7 year war
granted extraordinary rights to the Dutch settlers, including freedom of worship
Treaty of Paris 1763
ended the seven years war and put a stop to the French colonization of North America
The Royal Proclamation
Issued in 1763- british wanted to keep peace with First Nations peoples to avoid future wars with the goal to keep seperate from each other and negotiate to give them land for expansion and to try and decrease French speaking residents
Sir Guy Carleton
While Carleton was governor he believed that for military and political reasons, it was more valuable to maintain the support of Canadiens, rather than trying to win the support of a few British merchants.
Quebec Act
Sir Guy Carleton (Governor of Quebec) made this act. The British Parliament passed it which gave many benefits to quebec and French Canadians, making them happy but making Britain mad
No taxation without representation (2)
July 4th 1776 Slogan that the 13 colony used against the british
british were over taxing useless things in order to pay for the seven year war which they had started.
Boston Tea Party (2)
On december 16th, 1773 over 100 men led by Samuel Adams disguised themselves as first nations and destroyed 1 million dollars worth of tea in today's money
Part was closed until damages were paid
Treaty of Paris (1783)
It ended the American War of independence. It favoured the goals of American negotiations. It recognized their right to exist independently. Ended french Colonization
Constitutional Act (5)
It recognized that there were two dominant groups in the colony: French and English. (Leaving out the First nations)
The two groups had different religions, political and legal outlooks, and economic and land-owning traditions.
Carleton created two separate colonies:
Upper Canada (Ontario)
Lower Canada (Quebec)
In these colonies they were able to maintain their own language, regulations, laws, land-owning eyestems, and religious institutions, and have it's own capitol city.
Upper & Lower Canada
Carleton created two separate colonies: Upper Canada (Ontario) and Lower Canada (Quebec). Both were able to maintain its own language regulations, laws, land-owning system, religious institutions, and have its own capital city
Why was the Constitutional Act needed? (3)
When the Loyalists came to BNA it changed the demographics.
It increased the number of English-speaking population and increased the demand for land. They demanded democratic rights that seemed radical compared to the traditional and conservative way that the Canadiens were living.
So Sir Carleton decided to revisit the Quebec Act and revising it's terms to meet the new needs. Then the Consitutional Act of 1791 was born.
War of 1812
Americans thought that Britain was against their political and economic goals, so they tried to rid north america of british influence. eventually this caused war, which began when upper canada was invaded. canada offered metis and first nations land to help them fight in the war against america which led to the british win. British did not keep their end of the bargain so the “gradual civilization act” was passed to assimilate first nations
Tecumseh
the leader of the Shawnee First Nations, residing in the Ohio Valley. Joined forces with Sir Isaac Brock in the war of 1812 to help fight off america
United Empire Loyalists (6)
Not everyone living in the 13 colonies agreed with the revolutionaries
Those who remained loyal to Britain were called the United Empire Loyalists
Many had been forced to flee, leaving behind their land, homes and possessions
Some went back to Britain or other British colonies
Many (about 100k) Loyalists settled in British North America during this time, mainly in Nova Scotia and Quebec
So many Loyalists settled in Nova Scotia that they demanded political autonomy and, in 1784, the colony of New Brunswick was created
Underground Railroad (5)
Even though Black Loyalists (formally slaves) were promised freedom in British North America, slavery was still practiced until 1834
Not as popular in the Southern US
Mainly occurred among Loyalists that had brought slaves with them to British North America
After 1834, many slaves escaped the US, arriving in British North America via the Underground Railroad
Network of safe houses that helped people escape slavery in the US
Fort Detroit (5)
in the War of 1812, a group of American politicians from the South (War Hawks) decided to try to permanently rid North America of British influence
they joined forces with Tecumseh
Together, they planned an invasion on Fort Detroit
On August 16, they attacked
Fort Detroit surrendered almost immediately, even though they had more men, as General Hull was terrier by the cries of Tecumseh’s forced
1837 Rebellion
Upper and Lower Canada had tried to pass laws to change what they currently had to a responsible government, but these laws were denied by the Executive and Legislative Councils. because of this, radical groups in both Upper and Lower Canada formed a rebellion. This ended december 8th with many rebels imprisoned or hung for treason
Responsible Government
the government is held accountable to their voters who can either vote to support the government, or to vote in a new government
Lord Durham
He was sent over as the new governor general to give ideas for solving problems that led to rebellions. Two main suggestions:
Make a responsible government for canada to prevent future rebellions
Uniting Upper and Lower Canada into one colony with the goal of assimilating the French. (He described them as a people with “no history and no literature”)
Act of Union (3)
1841, United Upper and Lower Canada into one large colony
The Province of Canada
Lower Canada turned into Canada East
Upper Canada turned to Canada West
They had a United Government, having equal representation in government.
However they didnt not always work well together, it led to shut down proposed billed from the other side.
Metis
Metis are an Indigenous group that trace their lineage to the fur trade and the relationships between Europeans and First Nations people.
Haudenosaunee
A.k.a. Five nations, iroquois, allied with the British against the french and other first nation groups
Jean De Brebeuf (2)
Came from France, wanted to convert Indigenous population
Ultimately killed by the Haudenosaunee
Colonialism
the policy or practice of getting full or partial political control over another country, occupying it with settlers and exploiting it economically
Monopoly
the exclusive possession or control of the supply of or trade in a commodity or service. person has control or one company has control over the item and are able to sell it at any
Mercantilism
The idea of a country importing raw materials at a low price and exporting products at a high price to accumulate wealth. It allowed only the English to sell goods like fur goods so they were able to sell it at a high price although they had gotten the furs for a low price
What are the wars and which treaties ended them?(4)
war of spanish succession - treaty of utrecht
seven year war - treaty of paris 1763
american revolutionary war - treaty of paris 1783
war of 1812 - treaty of ghent
Why did Europeans want to sail west of Europe? What were they trying to find?
An alternative route to asia after the original method, the silk road, collapsed
Why is the battle of the plains of Abraham extremely influential to the course of Canadian history?
The british won, and shortly after the treaty of paris 1763 was signed ending the 7 years war and the french colonization of north america ended
Though the war of 1812 was a draw, why are the First Nations considered the losers?(2)
They fought in exchange for the head of british forces, sir Isaac Brock’s promised to support the shawnees’s claim to the ohio valley
after the war the british “forgot” their promise and the land was given to colonist
How are the initial interactions like between the Europeans and Indigenous peoples?
initially good, until intention and unintentional genocide (due to diseases)
Note 
Flashcard (92)