Macromolecules

monomers

single subunits or blocks

polymer

larger molecule made up of many monomers; joined by covalent bonds

dehydration synthesis

the process of joining two molecules by removing water, forming covalent bonds. (water is outside after rxn)

hydrolysis reaction

the process of breaking down a polymer into monomers by adding water, which cleaves the covalent bonds. (water is now in the molecules)

carbohydrates examples

sugar, starch, glucose, glycogen, cellulose

carbohydrates monomer

monosaccaride eleme

elements contained in carbohydrates

carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

function of carbohydrates

store energy and building material

starch

a polysaccharide found in plants; used for building material

glycogen

polysaccharide found in animals; used for building material

examples of polysaccharides acting as building blocks

1. cellulose for plant cell walls

2. chitin is by arthropods to build exoskeletons

monomer of nucleic acid

nucleotides

function of nucleic acid

store hereditary information

what elements does nucleic acids contain

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, phosphorus, and nitrogen

nucleotide

sugar + phosphate + nitrogen

nucleoside

sugar + nitrogen base

monomer for protein

amino acids

what elements are in proteins

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur

what is the side chain also called

the R chain

different groups of amino acids

are classified based on their side chains, which can be polar, nonpolar, acidic, or basic, influencing their properties and functions.

levels of protein structure

1. primary

2. secondary

3. tertiary

4. quaternary

primary structure

the unique sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain, determining the protein's identity and function.

secondary structure

the local folded structures that form within a protein due to hydrogen bonding between amino acids, primarily including alpha helices and beta sheets.

tertiary structure

structure refers to the overall three-dimensional shape of a protein, formed by interactions between the R groups of the amino acids, including hydrogen bonds, ionic bonds, and hydrophobic interactions.

quaternary structure

the structure formed by the assembly of multiple polypeptide chains, resulting in a functional protein complex.

lipids are ____ to water

hydrophobic

why are lipids hydrophobic

consist mostly of hydrocarbon, forming nonpolar covalent bonds

what elements do lipids contain

hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen

examples of lipids

fats, phospholipids, and steroids

example of proteins

Include enzymes, antibodies, and collagen.

examples of nucleic acid

DNA and RNA

purpose of fats

to store energy

saturated fatty acids

1. have no double bonds

2. solid at room temperature

3. ex. most animal fats

unsaturated fatty acids

1. have one or more double bonds

2. ex. plant fats and fish fats

3. liquid at room temperature

steroids

lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings

phopholipids

two fatty acids and phosphate group are attached to glycerol

fatty acid tails are _____

hydrophobic (no water)

phosphate head is _____

hydrophilic (likes water)

phospholipid bilayer

a double layer of phospholipids that forms the basis of cell membranes, allowing selective permeability to substances.