HOSA Human Growth and Development

behaviors

individual responses or reactions to internal stimuli and external conditions

biology

individual's genetic makeup

determinants of health

range of social, economic, and environmental factors that influence health status

health status

evaluating specific details of the determinants of health

Healthy People 2020

an evidence based 10 year report card describing health care accomplishments within the United States from the years 2000 to 2010

infant mortality rate

number of deaths that occur before 1 year of age per 1000 live births

Leading Health Indicators

selected high priority issues

life expectancy

average number of years a person born in a given year is expected to live

physical environment

thought of as that which can be seen, touched, heard, smelled, and tasted

social environment

interactions with family, friends, coworkers, and others in the community

accreditation

process by which an institution is recognized as meeting specific predetermined standards of care

Federal Register

federal legislation concerning health care which is recorded and published

health maintenance organizations (HMOs)

provide care for prepaid members

homeopathy

the use of minute proportions of naturally occurring chemicals for their healing power

informed consent

the nurse is responsible to sign as a witness that a patient has received info regarding risks, advantages, and alternatives available for a planned procedure in a language understood by the patient

managed care organizations (MCOs)

attempt to standardize and control costs of health care

Medicaid

benefits are provided on a basis of need or poverty

Medicare

benefits are received after contributions are maid through payroll deductions

nurse practice acts

defines the scope of practice for nurses within that state

Nursing Licensure Compact (NLC)

enables traveling nurses to function in multiple states

Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)

requires standards of safety to be maintained by employers to protect the health and safety of employees and mandates the reporting of injuries sustained by workers

plan of care

developed as a tool for multidisciplinary communication and can be an individual patient plan of care, a family plan of care, or a hospital care path

political action committees (PACs)

influence legislation by offering monetary contributions to legislators who support their needs and by providing lobbying efforts to create and awareness of needed legislation

preferred provider organizations (PPOs)

contract with professionals to provide care to a specific group of patients at an agreed-on fee-for-service rate

scope of practice

identification of and legal limitations to the usual and customary skills practiced by a professional

standards of practice

foundations of laws related to consumer protection

acculturation

adjustment to a new culture, results in differences in practice within the same cultural group

alternative medicine

therapies that are used instead of Western medical care

beliefs

cultural teachings of practice and values that are handed down for generations; deep

complementary medicine

therapies that are used together with Western therapies

cultural awareness

recognizing the history of patients' ancestry or culture and how their customs influence the handling of problems, issues, or teachings

cultural care

consists of health-promotion activities initiated by a culturally competent health-care worker

cultural competence

awareness of, acceptance of , and respect for beliefs, values, traditions, and practice that are different form one's own

cultural interventions

achieved when health-care info is presented in a way that includes specific cultural styles, colors, pictures, symbol, and so forth, that add credibility to the content by reflecting cultural values

cultural sensitivity

observing and demonstrating knowledge or culturally appropriate verbal language, body language, use of personal space, and gestures of respect towards family members

cultural stereotyping

assumption that all the people in one culture behave the same way and believe the same thing

culture

set of learned values, beliefs, customs, and behaviors that is shared by a common group and is passed through generations of family

ethnicity

cultural pattern shared by people with the same cultural heritage

ethnocentric

believing their culture, beliefs, and values to be superior to others

stereotyping

all people from a specific cultural or ethnic group behave or believe the same way

values

deep feelings about what is right or wrong, good or bad; most personal values are learned in childhood and are influenced by culture

blended family

one or both spouses bring children from previous relationship into a new family unit

cultural assimilation

process by which members of a specific culture group lose the characteristics of that group and adapt practices of another group

cultural relativism

concept that normality comes from the standard social practices of a specific culture

culture shock

effect of a sudden, drastic change in the cultural environment of an individual or family

developmental stage

period in life characterized by the mastery of specific skills or behaviors

developmental task

competency or skill that helps a person cope with the environment or advance personal development

dysfunctional family

a family that does not offer consistency of members or rules, may exhibit poor interpersonal relationships among its members, deals poorly with conflicts and problems, and often cannot reach out to the community for help

Facebook depression

common term used for the teen who overuses social networking to the point of altering sleep and eating habits and isolating himself from peers and family, eventually succumbing general depression

family

basic social system that involves commitment and interaction among its members

family systems theory

based on the understanding that family functions are interconnected

posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

witnessing parental violence or any event that causes upheaval or disruption of family life

sexting

sending or receiving sexually explicit text messages or pictures

sibling rivalry

competition or struggle between 2 or more children in a family; usually for parental attention and love

theory

group of concepts that forms the basis for understanding observations

behavioral theories

designed to explain the development of specific behaviors and suggest their relationships to other developing social skills

behaviorist theory

learning and interaction with the environment is the center of development

classical conditioning

pairing things in the environment

cognitive theories

advancement of the development of theories

Electra anxiety

little girls compete with their mothers for the love and attention of their fathers

extrovert

outgoing person who focuses on others in the environment

humanist theories

describe the influence of human experiences such as love and attachment on behavior and personality development

information-processing theory

info is input, is processed mentally, and is then followed by an output of judgment and decision making

introvert

quiet person who focuses inwardly on self

looking-glass self

self image is formed through 3 steps: 1) imagining how we portray ourselves to others; 2) imagining how others evaluating us; 3) combining these impressions to formulate a self concept or idea of what we are like

moral reasoning

development of a set of rules that enables a person to differentiate right from wrong; based on perception and integration of these rules

Oedipus complex

little boys compete with their fathers for the love and attention of their mothers

operant conditioning

involves behavioral consequences such as a reward or punishment

psychodynamic theories

focus on personality-trait development of thinking

social-learning theory

involves exposure to and imitation of a behavior

sociocultural theories

how culture influences behavior

allele

pairs of genes from both the mother and father

Apgar score

rating of heart, respiration, muscle tone, color, and reflex irritability

attachment

refers to an affectionate tie that occurs over time as a result of parent-infant interaction

bonding

refers to a strong emotional tie between parents and the newborn

chromosome

a thread of protein and DNA that is contained in the nucleus of every cell

dizygotic

fraternal twins: occur when 2 ova are released at ovulation, and each ovum is fertilized by a separate sperm

dominant gene

will overpower a recessive gene most of the time

ectopic pregnancy

the zygote does not move freely through the Fallopian tube, its increasing size will rupture the Fallopian tube

en face

mother positions her baby to provide close face-to-face interaction to promote bonding

egrossment

intense focus on the newborn

fetal alcohol syndrome

mental retardation and abnormal facial features

fetus

developing baby

gene therapy

placing a therapeutic gene on the back of a virus vector

genetic code

carry info about all the proteins within the cell that will determine the characteristics that will be inherited by the newborn

genetic counseling

communication between a geneticist (a specialist in inherited conditions) and the parents to discuss the risk of their infant inheriting genes that could result in an abnormality

genome

complete set of DNA that is contained in all cells

gestation

fetal life

gestational diabetes

diabetes that occur during pregnancy

monozygotic

identical twins: one single fertilized ovum separates into 2 separate embryos

multifetal

twins, triplets, quadruplets, and so on

mutated

variations that can be abnormal

neonatal

period of first 30 days of life

syndrome

group of symptoms or signs of an abnormal condition

viable

able to survive outside the uterus

virus vector

virus that has the ability to enter specific cells in the body

autonomy

independence; self-direction

ceophalocaudal

progression of growth pattern that proceeds head to toe

coping skill

behavior that helps an individual adapt to or manage a stressful situation

defense mechanism

reaction that is protective to the individual or helps conceals conflicts or anxieties