Recording-2025-02-19T20:00:20

Glycolysis

The first phase of cellular respiration that breaks down glucose into two pyruvate molecules.

Pyruvate

A three-carbon molecule produced during glycolysis that can be further oxidized during cellular respiration.

Krebs Cycle

A series of chemical reactions used by all aerobic organisms to release stored energy through the oxidation of acetyl-CoA.

Electron Transport Chain

A group of protein complexes that transfer electrons to create a proton gradient for ATP synthesis.

Chemiosmosis

The movement of protons down their concentration gradient through ATP synthase to generate ATP.

ATP Synthase

An enzyme that creates ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate using the energy from a proton gradient.

Substrate Level Phosphorylation

A way of generating ATP by directly transferring a phosphate group to ADP from a substrate without involving an electron transport chain.

Oxidative Phosphorylation

The process of generating ATP using the energy derived from the electron transport chain and the proton gradient.

Fermentation

A metabolic process that regenerates NAD+ from NADH, allowing glycolysis to continue in the absence of oxygen.

NADH

The reduced form of NAD+, which carries electrons to the electron transport chain.

FADH2

The reduced form of FAD, another electron carrier that contributes to the electron transport chain.

Acetyl-CoA

A two-carbon molecule that enters the Krebs cycle after being converted from pyruvate or fatty acids.

Anaerobic Respiration

Respiration that occurs without oxygen, usually involving pathways such as fermentation.

Proton Gradient

A difference in proton concentration across a membrane that drives ATP synthesis.

Feedback Inhibition

A regulatory mechanism in which the end product of a metabolic pathway inhibits an earlier step in the pathway.

Deamination

The removal of an amino group from amino acids, allowing them to enter metabolic pathways.

Electrochemical Gradient

A gradient created by the difference in concentration and charge of ions across a membrane.

Respiration

The process of converting food into usable energy (ATP), involving glycolysis, Krebes cycle, and electron transport.

Lactic Acid

A byproduct of anaerobic respiration in human muscle cells during fermentation.

Ethanol

A byproduct of alcohol fermentation produced by yeast and some bacteria.

Glycerol

A three-carbon molecule that can be converted into glucose or another intermediate in glycolysis.

Adenine Nucleotide

A group of molecules that includes ATP, ADP, and AMP, used in cellular energy transactions.