bio test Circulatory and Respiratory Systems Review

circulatory system

The organs and issues which transport oxygen, waste, nutrients, hormones, heat, etc... around the body

pulmonary circulation

circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart

systemic circulation

circulation of blood from body tissues/organs to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues/organs

Cardiac circulation

The circulation of blood around the heart only

Atria

the two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood

Ventricles

the two lower chambers of the heart, they pump blood out to the lungs and body.

bicuspid valve

A valve in the heart that guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle that prevents the blood in the ventricle from returning to the atrium.

tricuspid valve

A valve that is situated at the opening of the right atrium of the heart into the right ventricle and that resembles the mitral valve in structure but consists of three triangular membranous flaps.

aortic valve

The semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.

Aorta

The large artery in the body that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries/arterioles through the body.

septum

Divides the right and left chambers of the heart

pulmonary veins

a vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. The only vein in the body that carries oxygen rich blood

pulmonary artery

the artery carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. The only artery in the body that carries oxygen poor blood

Arteries

Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart

Veins

Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart

Capillaries

smallest blood vessel network through which gas and nutrient exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body

sinoatrial node (SA node)

the pacemaker, stimulates both atria by producing an electrical impulse

atrioventricular node (AV node)

specialized junction of electrical cells in the atria that transmits the impulse, causing the two ventricles to contract

Plasma

Fluid portion of blood containing mostly water, nutrients, protein and hormones

red blood cells

specialized cells, also known as erythrocytes, functioning in oxygen transport, which is made possible by hemoglobin

white blood cells

specialized cells, also known as leucocytes, function to protect the body from infections. Two main types: macrophages (phagocytotic and digest foreign materials) and lymphocytes (non-phagocytotic and produce antibodies to fight infection)

platelets

fragments of bone marrow cells that play a role in blood clotting

heart rate

A measure of cardiac activity usually expressed as the number of beats per minute.

blood pressure

Pressure exerted by the blood upon the walls of the blood vessels, especially arteries, usually measured by means of a sphygmomanometer and expressed in millimeters of mercury.

systolic pressure

Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.

diastolic pressure

occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery

immune system

A system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)

Group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances.

Macrophages

Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.

Lymphocytes

A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections

Antibodies

Protein that is produced by lymphocytes and that attaches to a specific antigen and prevent them from harming the body

respiratory system

A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.

nasal cavity

hollow space behind the nose which takes air in and modifies it (cools, warms, moistens). Hairs and mucus also trap foreign particles

Pharynx

throat; the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus. Also contains vocal cords

Epiglottis

A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe while swallowing and prevents food from entering.

Trachea

The windpipe; a passage through which air moves in the lungs, has cartilage rings in the walls

Bronchi

two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.

Bronchioles

Smallest branches of the bronchi, airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.

Alveoli

tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood. actual site of gas exchange

Diaphragm

Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing. Moves down to force air into the lungs

intercostal muscles

Muscles located in between the ribs that play a role in ventilation.

Inhalation

the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward

Exhalation

The passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs.

tidal volume

Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath

Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)

volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation. average: 3.0 L men and 1.9 L women

Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)

the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation. average: 1.1 L men, 0.7 L women

vital capacity

the total volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs

residual volume

Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation