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circulatory system
The organs and issues which transport oxygen, waste, nutrients, hormones, heat, etc... around the body
pulmonary circulation
circulation of blood from the heart to the lungs and back to the heart
systemic circulation
circulation of blood from body tissues/organs to the heart and then from the heart back to body tissues/organs
Cardiac circulation
The circulation of blood around the heart only
Atria
the two upper chambers of the heart that receive blood
Ventricles
the two lower chambers of the heart, they pump blood out to the lungs and body.
bicuspid valve
A valve in the heart that guards the opening between the left atrium and the left ventricle that prevents the blood in the ventricle from returning to the atrium.
tricuspid valve
A valve that is situated at the opening of the right atrium of the heart into the right ventricle and that resembles the mitral valve in structure but consists of three triangular membranous flaps.
aortic valve
The semilunar valve separating the aorta from the left ventricle that prevents blood from flowing back into the left ventricle.
Aorta
The large artery in the body that carries blood from the heart to be distributed by branch arteries/arterioles through the body.
septum
Divides the right and left chambers of the heart
pulmonary veins
a vein carrying oxygenated blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart. The only vein in the body that carries oxygen rich blood
pulmonary artery
the artery carrying blood from the right ventricle of the heart to the lungs for oxygenation. The only artery in the body that carries oxygen poor blood
Arteries
Blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart
Veins
Blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart
Capillaries
smallest blood vessel network through which gas and nutrient exchanges take place between the blood and cells of the body
sinoatrial node (SA node)
the pacemaker, stimulates both atria by producing an electrical impulse
atrioventricular node (AV node)
specialized junction of electrical cells in the atria that transmits the impulse, causing the two ventricles to contract
Plasma
Fluid portion of blood containing mostly water, nutrients, protein and hormones
red blood cells
specialized cells, also known as erythrocytes, functioning in oxygen transport, which is made possible by hemoglobin
white blood cells
specialized cells, also known as leucocytes, function to protect the body from infections. Two main types: macrophages (phagocytotic and digest foreign materials) and lymphocytes (non-phagocytotic and produce antibodies to fight infection)
platelets
fragments of bone marrow cells that play a role in blood clotting
heart rate
A measure of cardiac activity usually expressed as the number of beats per minute.
blood pressure
Pressure exerted by the blood upon the walls of the blood vessels, especially arteries, usually measured by means of a sphygmomanometer and expressed in millimeters of mercury.
systolic pressure
Blood pressure in the arteries during contraction of the ventricles.
diastolic pressure
occurs when the ventricles are relaxed; the lowest pressure against the walls of an artery
immune system
A system (including the thymus and bone marrow and lymphoid tissues) that protects the body from foreign substances and pathogenic organisms by producing the immune response
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC)
Group of genes that code for proteins found on the surfaces of cells that help the immune system recognize foreign substances.
Macrophages
Found within the lymph nodes, they are phagocytes that destroy bacteria, cancer cells, and other foreign matter in the lymphatic stream.
Lymphocytes
A type of white blood cell that make antibodies to fight off infections
Antibodies
Protein that is produced by lymphocytes and that attaches to a specific antigen and prevent them from harming the body
respiratory system
A system of organs, functioning in the process of gas exchange between the body and the environment, consisting especially of the nose, nasal passages, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, and lungs.
nasal cavity
hollow space behind the nose which takes air in and modifies it (cools, warms, moistens). Hairs and mucus also trap foreign particles
Pharynx
throat; the membrane-lined cavity behind the nose and mouth, connecting them to the esophagus. Also contains vocal cords
Epiglottis
A flap of tissue that seals off the windpipe while swallowing and prevents food from entering.
Trachea
The windpipe; a passage through which air moves in the lungs, has cartilage rings in the walls
Bronchi
two short branches located at the lower end of the trachea that carry air into the lungs.
Bronchioles
Smallest branches of the bronchi, airways in the lungs that lead from the bronchi to the alveoli.
Alveoli
tiny sacs of lung tissue specialized for the movement of gases between air and blood. actual site of gas exchange
Diaphragm
Large, flat muscle at the bottom of the chest cavity that helps with breathing. Moves down to force air into the lungs
intercostal muscles
Muscles located in between the ribs that play a role in ventilation.
Inhalation
the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward
Exhalation
The passive part of the breathing process in which the diaphragm and the intercostal muscles relax, forcing air out of the lungs.
tidal volume
Amount of air that moves in and out of the lungs during a normal breath
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
volume of additional air that can be forcibly inhaled after a normal inhalation. average: 3.0 L men and 1.9 L women
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
the volume of additional air that can be forcibly exhaled after a normal exhalation. average: 1.1 L men, 0.7 L women
vital capacity
the total volume of air that can be moved into and out of the lungs
residual volume
Amount of air remaining in the lungs after a forced exhalation
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