Nutrition Module 5 Vitamins + Antioxidants A, C, E

to obtain the most benefits from consuming water soluble vitamins, you should eat

uncooked

free radicals are

atoms that have unpaired electrons in their valence shell

how many essential vitamins are required by humans

13

vitamins are ___, and minerals are ___

organic, inorganic

Vitamin A is an antioxidant that prevents free radicals from damaging the phospholipid bilayer.

false

Mineral antioxidants include which of the following?

selenium, copper, zinc

the most biologically active form of vitamin e is _____

alpha-tocopherol

The human body can synthesize vitamin A from which precursor?

beta-carotene

wound healing, synthesis of collagen, cartilage, and teeth

vitamin c

growth and maintenance of muscle and nervous system tissue, red blood cell formation

vitamin e

vision pigment, growth and maintenance of skin and organs

vitamin a

examples of vitamin e

nuts/seeds. olives, vegetable oils

examples of vitamin a

eggs,carrots, leafy green vegetables

golden rice was genetically modified to

provide vitamin a (prevent deficiency that leads to blindness)

Fat soluble vitamins are _________ resistant to heat as compared with water soluble vitamins.

more

Antioxidants protect cells from free radicals by ___________ electrons

donating

Free radicals can damage cells by causing mutations in DNA.

true

Which of the following statements is true of vitamin A?
Vitamin A is water soluble.
It is almost impossible to ingest enough vitamin A for toxicity to occur.
Cooking foods first improves absorption of vitamin A.
Vitamin A is a free radical that can damage cells.

Cooking foods first improves absorption of vitamin A.

fat soluble vitamins ___ ___ have to be consumed daily

do not

Which of the following statements is true regarding vitamin E?
Deficiency can lead to blindness.
It is light and heat sensitive.
It only comes from animal food sources.
It is water soluble.

It is light and heat sensitive.

symptom of toxicity: nausea, diarrhea

vitamin e

symptom of toxicity: birth defect, hair loss, liver damage

vitamin a

symptom of toxicity:none since excess gets excreted

vitamin c

Which of the following statements is correct regarding vitamin C?
t is often added to salad dressings to prevent spoilage.
Most Americans are deficient in vitamin C.
It is fat soluble.
It is heat sensitive so foods should be eaten raw to obtain the most vitamin C.

It is heat sensitive so foods should be eaten raw to obtain the most vitamin C.

antioxidant vitamins are ___, ___, and ___

A,C,E

Free radicals are
atoms that have unpaired electrons in their valence shell.
essential micronutrients.
a type of water-soluble mineral
vitamins that protect cells against damage

atoms that have unpaired electrons in their valence shell.

vitamin ___ can be synthesized by the body

D

Vitamin A is an antioxidant that prevents free radicals from damaging the phospholipid bilayer

false

Vitamins are _____________ that __________ provide calories

micros, do not

What vitamins are fat soluble?

A, D, E, K

The only natural food sources of the active form of vitamin A are of animal origin.

true

symptom of deficiency: blindness, increased infection risk, hyperkeratosis

vitamin a

symptom of deficiency: loss of muscle coordination, anemia, impaired vision

vitamin e

symptom of deficiency: bleeding, loss of teeth, muscle weakness

vitamin c

humans can synthesize their own vitamin c

false

animals ___ synthesize vitamin c but humans ___

can, cannot

Smoking results in greater oxidative stress (more free radicals) and thus requires more ___________ to counter those effects

vitamin c

vitamin C is also important for regenerating oxidized _________, further increasing the need for smokers

vitamin e

___ soluble vitamin are sensitive to heat

water

___ soluble vitamin can easily be stored in body (more bioavailable)

fat

___ soluble vitamin are ztored in liver and adipose tissue when not used + do not get excreted during urination

fat

what causes free radicals

metabolic processes involved in oxidation, environmental factors

Free radicals can damage mitochondria, destabilize lipids leading to membrane rupture and cell death, and break LDL releasing cholesterol.

true

phospholipids are stabilized by __________, which donates electrons

vitamin e

Thyroid function, DNA synthesis. Food source includes organ meats, pork, seafood nuts.

mineral antioxidant seleniium

Enzyme co-factor (helps enzyme function), iron metabolism, synthesis of connective tissue. Food source includes: leafy greens, potatoes, beans, nuts and seeds, shellfish.

mineral antioxidant copper

Enzyme co-factor (especially in cellular respiration), fetal/child development and growth. Food sources include: meat, fish, eggs, nuts and seeds, shellfish

mineral antioxidant zinc

fat soluble vitamins

A,D,E,K

What is true of a patient who smokes?

Patient has more oxidative stress and requires more vitamin C

Suppose you are a nutritionist and a patient with hyperkeratosis is having infertility and increased infections, what foods would you recommend?

patient is vitamin a deficient

eat animal origin foods and beta-carotene foods (leafy greens/orange vegetables)v

vitamins a is fat soluble and heat improves its digestibility and absorption

true

vitamin c enhances iron absorption in body

true

free radicals produced only by environmental factors (ex: pollution/uv radiation)

false

Vitamin E is water-soluble and easily destroyed by heat and oxygen.

false

Selenium is a mineral antioxidant that plays a role in thyroid function and DNA synthesis.

true

Beta-carotene is the precursor to Vitamin A and is found exclusively in animal products.

false

Vitamins ________, ________, ________, and ________ are fat-soluble.

A,D,E,K

A deficiency in Vitamin ________ can cause scurvy, characterized by bleeding gums, anemia, and muscle weakness.

c

Free radicals can damage cells by destabilizing ________ and breaking apart ________.

cell membranes, LDL

biologically active form of vitamin e is ____

alpha-tocopherol

Non-vitamin antioxidants include the minerals ________, ________, and ________.

selenium, copper, zinc

Which of the following is NOT a cause of free radical production?

Cellular respiration

Tobacco smoke

Protein synthesis

UV radiation

Protein synthesis

Which vitamin is most commonly associated with preventing vision problems and maintaining skin health?

Vitamin A

Vitamin C

Vitamin D

Vitamin E

Vitamin A

What is the primary function of Vitamin C?

Regulate calcium absorption

Support vision and organ growth

Synthesize collagen and enhance iron absorption

Protect cell membranes from oxidative damage

Synthesize collagen and enhance iron absorption

Which of the following vitamins is most easily destroyed by heat and oxygen?

Vitamin A

Vitamin C

Vitamin D

Vitamin E

vitamin c

Which mineral antioxidant is crucial for enzyme function and iron metabolism?

Selenium

Copper

Zinc

Iron

Copper

A patient on blood thinners such as Coumadin should consult their doctor before taking supplements of which vitamin?

Vitamin A

Vitamin C

Vitamin D

Vitamin E

vitamin e

A 6-year-old child presents with impaired vision, frequent infections, and delayed growth. Which vitamin deficiency might you suspect, and what food sources would you recommend?

vitamin a
liver, butter, egg yolks, cheese, fish oil

A patient with Crohn's disease is at risk of developing a deficiency in which vitamin, and what symptoms might indicate this deficiency?

Vitamin E; symptoms may include loss of muscle coordination, impaired vision, and anemia.

A pregnant patient is concerned about birth defects associated with nutrient deficiencies. Which vitamin deficiency is most concerning, and what advice would you give about supplementation or food sources?

Vitamin A

Deficiency can cause birth defects. Recommend food liver, cheese, and egg yolks, but caution against high doses of supplements due to toxicity risks.

A 45-year-old patient reports joint pain and easy bruising. Their diet lacks fresh fruits and vegetables. What condition might you suspect, and what dietary changes would you suggest?

Scurvy (Vitamin C deficiency); suggest increasing intake of citrus fruits, strawberries, broccoli, and peppers.

A patient is exposed to high levels of UV radiation due to outdoor work. What nutrient might help mitigate cellular damage, and what food sources provide it?

Antioxidants like Vitamin E; recommend nuts, seeds, green leafy vegetables, and oils (sunflower, safflower).

A vegan patient asks for advice on obtaining beta-carotene. Which foods would you recommend to meet their Vitamin A needs?

carrots, sweet poatoes, spinach, other orange/dark green vegetables

Golden rice has been genetically engineered to provide Vitamin C to combat scurvy in developing countries.

False (Golden rice provides beta-carotene to combat Vitamin A deficiency).

Antioxidants like Vitamin E protect cell membranes by stabilizing phospholipids.

true

Selenium can be obtained from plant-based sources, as plants naturally synthesize it.

False (Selenium is a mineral obtained from soil and protein-bound sources).

Excessive amounts of Vitamin E can reduce the clotting ability of vitamin K, posing risk of increased bleeding.

true

of the essential vitamins, which one(s) can be synthesized by human body

D

Which of the following is the synthetic form of vitamin C often added to supplements?

ascorbic acid

tocopherol

retinol

beta-carotene

ascorbic acid