Final Exam A&P

respiration

the exchange of gas between an organism and its environment

inspiration

bringing oxygen to the body’s cells by breathing in

expiration

eliminating carbon dioxide from the body’s cells by breathing out

diaphragm

the primary muscle for inhalation; dome-shaped muscle located below the lungs at the base of the rib cage, separating the thorax from the abdomen

does 90% of the work required for breathing (inhale, contracted. exhale, relaxed)

phrenic nerve

the spinal nerve that innervates the diaphragm

(P1)(V1) = (P2)(V2)

What is Boyle’s Law?

inversely

Volume and pressure are (directly/inversely) related.

P = F/A

What is Pascal’s Law?

thorax

the area of the body between the neck and the abdomen; the chest; contains the heart, major blood vessels, and lungs; supported by the ribs, breastbone, and spine

clavicle

the scientific name for the collar bone; bone that connects your arm to your body

sternum

long flat bone that forms the center front of the chest wall; aka breastbone; attached to the collarbone and where the ribs attach

intubation

a medical procedure that involves inserting a tube (called an endotracheal tube) into the trachea (windpipe) to maintain an open airway

costal

Latin: pertaining to the ribs or the upper sides of the body

osteophytes

abnormal bony projections that can affect swallowing

respiration

Energy for speech comes from ______________.

intercostal muscles

a group of muscles located between the ribs; play a crucial role in breathing by expanding and contracting the chest cavity and raising the rib cage; have both external and internal muscle groups

seven

How many cervical vertebrae are there?

cervical vertebrae

the top seven vertebrae; found in neck area supporting the head and neck (pharynx and larynx); the vertebrae most studied by SLPs

pharynx

muscular tubes located in the neck that connects the nasal cavity, oral cavity, and larynx to the esophagus (throat); serves as a passageway for air, food, and water to the throat

larynx

the area of the throat containing the vocal cords and used for breathing, swallowing, and talking

twelve

How many thoracic vertebrae are there?

thoracic vertebrae

the middle twelve vertebrae found in the middle of your back; support the upper body’s weight and stabilize rib cage

five

How many lumbar vertebrae are there?

lumbar vertebrae

the bottom five vertebrae; found in the lower back and glutes; the largest movable bones in the spine; support upper body’s weight and allow for movement

spinous process

a bony projection that extends posteriorly from the back of each vertebra, forming the spinal ridge

rib cage

group of bones that protect your lungs and heart; sternum serves as focal point; atttach to sternum via cartilaginous chondral

speech and swallowing

Breathing affects ____________ and _____________, both of which are treated by SLPs.

true ribs

ribs 1-7, each independently connected to the sternum

false ribs

ribs 8-10, which each connect to each other with cartilage before jointly connecting to the sternum

floating ribs

ribs 11-12, which do not connect to the sternum

trachea

windpipe, is a tube-like structure that forms part of the respiratory system; extends from the larynx to the bronchi (connects voice box to your lungs)

bronchi

main airways leading to the lungs

vertebral foramen

hole in each vertebrae through which the spinal tract passes through

costal cartilage

the chondral cartilage that connects the ribs and the sternum

xiphoid process

the pointed tip at the bottom of the sternum

manubrium

the circular “head” at the top of the sternum

nasal pharynx

pharynx that is connected to the nasal cavity

oral pharynx

pharynx that is connected to the oral cavity

laryngeal pharynx

pharynx that is connected to the larynx

process

term for a part of a bone that projects out; usually a bump or ridge that is an attachment point for muscles or tendons; allows for leverage and articulation with other bones

girdle

a bony ring that supports the outer limbs where they connect to the body; ex: pectoral and pelvic

pleura

thin, serous membranes that line the lungs and the interior of the chest cavity; protects and cushion the lungs; helps prevent injury and allows lungs to move smoothly

esophagus

a muscular tube that connects the pharynx to the stomach; vital in the digestive system

bronchi

tube that connects to the trachea and goes into the lungs

carina

a C-shaped ridge of cartilage at the bottom of the trachea that separates the left and right bronchi; prevents food, drink, and other foreign particles that got past the vocal folds from getting into the lungs by being one of the two muscles that can trigger the cough reflex

vocal folds

two muscular bands inside your voice box that produce the sound of your voice by vibrating together; also help prevent food, drink, and other foreign particles from going down the trachea and into the lungs by being one of the two muscles that can trigger the cough reflex

vocal folds and carina

What are the two muscles capable of triggering the cough reflex in reaction to foreign particles attempting to enter the trachea and the lungs?

crichopharyngus muscle

tight closed muscle at the top of the esophagus that controls the flow of food and liquid between the throat and the esophagus; responsible for the noise that comes with a burp

laryngectomy

surgical removal of the larynx (voice box), such as after larynx cancer or blunt trauma to the larynx, by creating a permanent hole in the neck through which the patient can talk and breath

thyroid cartilage

cartilage that makes up a shield-shaped structure in the front of the larynx to protects the vocal cords; the most prominent bit makes up the Adam’s apple

trachial ring

cartilage rings in the trachea that keep trachea open and firmly in place

right upper lobe, right middle lobe, right lower lobe

What are the three lobes of the right lung?

three

How many lobes are there in the right lung?

left upper lobe and left lower lobe

What are the two lobes of the left lung?

two

How many lobes are there in the left lobe?

Neither. Both lungs are the same size, just divided into lobes differently.

Which lung is smaller?

alveolus

one of the millions tiny air sacs found at the end of the lobes of the lungs; allow for rapid gaseous exchange and the inflating of the lungs

bronchial tree

a network of airways within the lungs that carries air from the trachea (windpipe) to the alveoli (air sacs) along five different lobes

right lower lobe, because the right lobes are more vertical and so gravity pulls it to the RLL

Which lung lobe is the most likely to get liquid trapped within it and why?

aspiration

when something other than air gets into the airway and passes below the vocal folds; at risk for the substance entering the lungs; can be caused by swallowing disorders

pneumonia

respiratory infection from liquid in the lungs

pleural effusion

a condition where excess fluid accumulates in the pleural space; can cause shortness of breath, chest pain, etc.

pleural space

the thin area between the lungs and the chest wall

diaphragm, external intercostal, internal intercostal, sternocleidomastoid, scalene, trapezius, abdominal muscles

What are the seven muscles of respiration?

sternocleidomastoid

each of a pair of long muscles that connect the sternum, clavicle, and mastoid process of the temporal bone; helps turn and nod the head; becomes active during forced inspiration to lift the chest wall and allow increase ventilation

parietal pleura

pleura found between the ribcage and the lungs

visceral pleura

pleura found between the heart and the lungs

negative

The air pressure inside the pleural space is always (negative/positive).

quiet inspiration

inspiration when body is at rest; diaphragm is the only muscle active

forced inspiration

inspiration when body is active or recovering from being active; uses both the diaphragm and the accessory muscles to increase inspiration maximally

scalene

a group of three muscles located in the neck; rotates and tilt the neck, elevates the upper ribs during deep breaths, and supports the weight of the head and neck

trapezius

muscles located on the upper back that enlarge the upper chest during deep breaths

abdominal muscles

group of muscles located in the front and sides of the abdomen; support body and help lengthen the diaphragm to help with respiration

expand

When the diaphragm contracts, the lungs (deflate/expand).

the volume increases and the pressure decreases

What happens to the volume and the pressure when the lungs expand?

inverse

Air pressure and volume have a(n) (direct/inverse) relationship.

deflate

When the diaphragm relaxes, the lungs (deflate/expand).

760 mmHg

What is the value of atmospheric pressure?

763 mmHg

What is the value of positive pressure?

757 mmHg

What is the value of negative pressure?

the volume decreases and the pressure increases

What happens to the volume and the pressure when the lungs deflate?

positive pressure

During exhalation or when not breathing, the air pressure within the lungs is (negative pressure/positive pressure).

negative pressure

During inhalation, the air pressure within the lungs is (negative pressure/positive pressure).

gas exchange (O2 and CO2)

What is the goal of respiration?

oxygenate the blood and heart

What does the gas exchange of respiration accomplish?

ventilation

the actual movement of air in the conducting respiratory passageways; both inhalation and exhalation (air inhaled/time)

quiet inspiration

inspiration when body is at rest and calm

active inspiration

aka forced inspiration; inspiration when body is not at rest, either active or recovering from being active (increased heartbeat and inhalation)

passive expiration

expiration when body is at rest; driven by elasticity of muscles and gravity

active expiration

aka forced expiration; expiration when body is not at rest; quickened heartbeat or shortness of breath; driven by muscular activity forcing exhalation

spirometer

measuring tool that measures volume of air and the flow of air during respiration

manometer

measuring tool that measures pressure of exhalation air force

water manometer

simple manometer used by many SLPS in which patient blows through a straw into a glass of water to measure their exhalation air flow

perfusion

the movement of blood through the tissues and organs, particularly in the lungs

diffusion

the process of exchanging gases in the lungs through the movement of molecules from areas of high pressure to areas of low pressure to achieve balance

voiceless sounds

sounds produced without the use of vocal folds; open vocal folds, sound based on breath; ex: /s/, /f/, /p/

voiced sounds

sounds produced by an action by the vocal folds; closed or partially closed vocal folds + airflow from lungs = vibration of vocal folds; ex: /z/, /v/, /b/

phonation

the shaping of vocal production into speech; the sounds heard; occurs within the larynx

respiration

What provides energy for phonation?

vocal folds

layers of tissue and muscle that vibrate as air passes between them, producing phonation