ch 21 history

The Red Scare

A period of intense fear in U.S. society regarding Communism and radical political ideas.

Communist International

An organization created by Lenin that aimed to promote and spread Communism worldwide.

Schenk vs. The United States

A Supreme Court case ruling that limited free speech when it poses a clear and present danger.

Palmer Raids

Law enforcement actions led by A. Mitchell Palmer in 1919-1920 that targeted radicals and resulted in thousands of arrests.

‘Red Summer’

Refers to the summer of 1919 when race riots erupted in many U.S. cities, particularly affecting African Americans.

Sacco & Vanzetti Trial

The trial of two Italian immigrants accused of murder, leading to widespread beliefs of prejudice in the judicial process.

Labor Unrest

The significant number of strikes in 1919 due to rising living costs and worker discontent.

Boston Police Strike

A strike by Boston police in 1919 advocating for a pay raise that resulted in rioting and a replacement of the police force.

Steel Workers Strike

A 1919 strike by 350,000 steel workers demanding an eight-hour workday and union recognition, which ended violently.

Coal Strike

A strike by United Mine Workers for better pay and work conditions that was legally contested by the government.

Republican Presidents of the 1920s

Leaders who promoted business interests, isolationism, and restricted immigration.

Warren G. Harding

The U.S. president who promised a 'return to normalcy' and pursued isolationist policies.

Fordney-McCumber Tariff

A 1922 tariff that raised import duties to protect U.S. industries.

Teapot Dome Scandal

A scandal involving bribery and corruption in Harding's administration related to oil reserves.

Calvin Coolidge

The president who emphasized business interests and isolationism, known for his laissez-faire policies.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

An international agreement from 1928 that aimed to outlaw war as a means of foreign policy.

Economic Growth in the 1920s

The expansion of the U.S. economy driven by consumer spending and new credit systems.

Automobile Industry

The pivotal sector of the 1920s economy that grew significantly due to mass production.

Flappers

Young women in the 1920s who challenged traditional norms of behavior and dress.

Harlem Renaissance

A cultural movement of the 1920s showcasing African American art, literature, and music.

Jazz Age

The 1920s era marked by the popularity of jazz music and cultural changes in America.

Prohibition

The nationwide ban on alcohol sales in the U.S. effective from January 1920.

Scopes Trial

A 1925 legal case addressing the teaching of evolution in public schools, highlighting cultural conflicts.

Ku Klux Klan (KKK) in the 1920s

A revived white supremacist group that targeted African Americans and other minority groups.

Marcus Garvey

Leader of the UNIA who promoted black pride and economic self-sufficiency.

The Lost Generation

A group of American writers disillusioned by the societal changes after World War I.

Craftsmen's Guild

Not mentioned directly; a term reflecting skilled workers; contextually relevant to labor discussions.

Fundamentalism

A religious movement emphasizing a literal interpretation of the Bible, often opposed to modernism.

Bootlegging

The illegal production and distribution of alcohol during Prohibition.

National culture

The shared cultural practices and beliefs that emerged due to the growth of mass media in the 1920s.

Jazz Clubs

Venues where jazz music was performed, notably popular during the 1920s in urban areas.