PSY 101: Ch 8 - Memory

What is Memory?

What is an information processing system like computer?

What is Encoding?

What involves the input of information into the memory system?

What is Storage?

What is the retention of the encoded information?

What is Retrieval?

What is the act of getting the information out of memory and back into awareness?

What is Semantic encoding?

What is the encoding of words and their meanings?

What is Visual encoding?

What is the encoding of images?

What is Acoustic encoding?

What is the encoding of sounds?

What is Self-reference effect?

What is the tendency for an individual to have better memory for information that relates to oneself in comparison to material that has less personal relevance?

What is Sensory memory?

What is the storage of brief sensory events, such as sights, sounds, and tastes?

What is Short-term memory (STM)?

What is a temporary storage system that process incoming sensory memory?

• Lasts about 20 seconds.

• Capacity is usually about 7 items.

What is Memory consolidation?

What is the transfer of STM to long-term memory?

What is Rehearsal?

What is the conscious repetition of information to be remembered?

What is Long-term memory (LTM)?

What is the continuous storage of information?

What is LTM Explicit (declarative) memory?

What are the memories of facts and events we can consciously remember and recall/declare?

What is Semantic?

How do we have knowledge about words, concepts and language?

What is Episodic?

How do we remember information about events we have personally experienced?

What is LTM implicit memory?

What are the memories that are not part of our consciousness?

What is Procedural?

How do our brain stores information about how to do things?

What is Recall?

How are we being able to access information without cues?

What is Recognition?

How are we being able to identify information that you have previously learned after encountering it again?

What is Relearning?

How are we learning information that we previously learned?

Cerebellum

• Plays a role in processing procedural memories, such as how play the piano and classical conditioning.

• Damage prevents classical conditioning such as an eye-blink in response to a puff of air.

Prefrontal cortex

• Appears to be involved in remembering semantic tasks.

• Encoding is associated with left frontal activity.

• Retrieval of information is associated with the right frontal region.

Amygdala

• Involved in fear and fear memories (memory storage is influenced by hormones).

Hippocampus

• Associated with explicit memory, recognition memory and spatial memory.

Who is Patient H.M?

Who had both temporal lobes removed (including hippocami) to help control his seizures?

What are Neurotransmitters?

What establish communication among neurons?

What is Arousal Theory?

Which theory refer to strong emotions triggering formation of strong memories and weaker emotional experiences form weaker memories?

What is Flash bulb memory?

What is a record of an atypical and unusual event that has very strong emotional associations?

What is Amnesia?

What is the loss of long-term memory that occurs as the result of disease, physical trauma, or psychological trauma?

What is Anterograde amnesia?

What is the inability to remember new information after point of trauma?

What is Retrograde amnesia?

What is the loss of memory (partial or complete) for events that occurred prior to the trauma?

What is memory construction?

What is the formulation of new memories?

What is memory reconstruction?

What is the process of bringing up old memories?

What is Suggestibility?

What cause the effects of misinformation from external sources that leads to the creation of false memories?

What is the False memory syndrome?

What is the recall of false autobiographical memories?

What is Forgetting?

What is the loss of information from long-term memory?

What is Encoding Failure?

What occurs when the memory is never stored in our memory in the first place?

What are the Schacter’s 7 sins of memory?

1. Transience

2. Absentmindedness

3. Blocking

4. Misattribution

5. Suggestibility

6. Bias

7. Persistence

What is Transience?

What is accessibility of memory decreases over time (storage decay)?

What is Abentmindedness?

What is forgetting caused by lapses in attention?

What is Blocking?

What is the Accessibility of information is temporarily blocked (aka tip-of-the tongue phenomenon)?

What is Misattribution?

What is the source of memory that is confused?

What is Persistence?

What is the Inability to forget undesirable memories?

What is Bias?

What cause memories to be distorted by current belief system?

What is Stereotypical bias?

What involves racial and gender biases?

What is Egocentric bias?

What involves enhancing our memories of the past?

What is Hindsight bias?

What is the tendency to think an outcome was inevitable after the fact?

What is Chunking?

What is the organizing information into manageable bits or chunks?

What is Elaborative rehearsal?

What is the technique in which you think about the meaning of the new information and its relation to knowledge already stored in your memory?

What is Mnemonic devices?

What help us organize information with memory aids for encoding?