Hydrology

Water

A clear, colorless, odorless, and tasteless liquid essential for most plant and animal life

Dihydrogen Monoxide

scientific name for water

Hydrophilic

water-loving

Hydrophobic

water-fearing

68

boiling point of water at mt everest

3.98

temperature where water is at its maximum density

3, 97

__% freshwater __% saltwater

Antartica

where 90% of the world’s supply of fresh water is located

37 liters

amount of water in the body of an average adult

75

__% water in human brains

98, 20, 2

✓ In a 100-year period, a water molecule spends __ years in the ocean, _ months as ice, about - weeks in lakes and rivers, and less than a week in the atmosphere

Hydrology

The study of water and its movement along its various pathways within the hydrological cycle

Transpiration

the process where water contained in liquid form in plants is converted to vapor and released to the atmosphere.

Ground Water

an important direct source of water supply and a significant indirect source since a large portion of the flow to stream is derived from subsurface water.

Zone of Aeration

Near the surface of the earth in the ___________, soil pore spaces contain both air and water. Moisture from this zone cannot be tapped as water supply source since this water is held on soil particles by capillary forces and is not readily released.

Zone of Saturation

Water within this zone is referred to as Groundwater.

Aquifer

stratum containing a substantial amount of groundwater

Water Table

Surface of Aquifer

Surface Water Supplies

not as reliable as groundwater sources because quantities often fluctuate widely during the course of a year or even a week, and the quantity of surface water is easily degraded by various sources of pollution.

Colloids

very small particles that are suspended but often exhibit many characteristics of dissolved substances.

Water Quality

means the characteristics of water, which define its use in characteristics by terms of physical, chemical, biological, bacteriological or radiological characteristics by which the acceptability of water is evaluated

Potable Water

It is safe to drink, pleasant to taste, and usable for domestic purposes

Palatable Water

It is esthetically pleasing; it considers the presence of chemicals that do not cause a threat to human health.

Contaminated Water

It is that water containing unwanted physical, chemical, biological, or radiological substances, and it is unfit for drinking or domestic use.I

Infected Water

contaminated with pathogenic organism

Suspended Solids, Turbidity, Color, Taste and Odor, Temperature, Electrical Conductivity

Physical water quality parameters

Total Solids

all solids in water, suspended and dissolved, organic and inorganic. This parameter is measured by evaporating a sample to dryness (104°C) and weighing the residue expressed as mg/L.

Total Suspended Solids

solids removed by filtration. This parameter is measured by filtering the water sample, drying the residue and filter paper to a constant weight and determining the mass of the residue retained in the filter paper. This is expressed as dry mass per volume (mg/L)

Dissolved Solids

solids that passes through a filter paper also expressed as mg/L. This parameter is the difference between total solids and suspended solids of a water sample.

Filterable Residues

pass through the filter along with the water and relate more closely to dissolved solids

Nonfilterable residues

retained on the filter and relate more closely to suspended solids

Fixed Solids

The residue of TSS and TDS after heating to dryness for a defined period of time and at a specific temperature

Volatile Solids

solids lost on ignition (heating to 550)

Turbidity

A measure of the extent to which light is either absorbed or scattered by suspended material in water. _____ is not a direct quantitative measure of suspended solids.

Apparent Color

– the entire water sample color and consists of both dissolved and suspended components color

True Color

color contributed by dissolved solids that remain after the removal of suspended solids

yellowish brown water

– after contact with organic debris (leaves, weeds, wood etc.), water pick up tannins, humic acid and humates

Reddish

color due to iron oxides

Brown or Black

color due to manganese oxides

Phenolic Compounds

common constituents of vegetative decay products produce objectionable taste and odor with chlorine

Alkaline

imparts bitter taste to water

Metallic Salts

give a salty taste to water

Threshold Odor Number

unit for odor

nephelometric turbidity unit

ntu meaning

true color units

tcu meaning

3

regulated TON for drinking water

Ambient Temperature

– shallow bodies of water are more affected than deeper bodies of water

▪ The use of water for dissipation of waste heat in industry and its subsequent discharges may result to dramatic temperature changes in receiving streams

slower

At lower temperature, biological activity (utilization of food supplies, growth, reproduction) is _____

eutrophication

Accelerated growth of algae often occurs in warm water and become a problem because __________ will occur.

Electrical Conductivity

measures how well a sample of water or similar solution can carry or conduct electrical currents.

pH

defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration

5.6

pH of normal rainfall

carbon dioxide

due to this, normal rainfall is slightly acidic

6.5 to 8.5

safe pH ranges for drinking water

increase

the pH will ___ as oxygen in water increases

Acidity

refers to the measure of how much acids are in a specific solution

Alkalinity

Quantity of ions in water that will react to neutralize hydrogen ions.

Hardness

a term used to express the properties of highly mineralized watersMa

Magnesium, Calcium

Hardness is mainly caused by the presence of _ and _ ions

harder

groundwater is ____ than surface water

Temporary Hardness

due to carbonates and bicarbonates can be removed by boiling

Permanent Hardness

remaining after boiling is caused mainly by sulfates and chlorides

soft

<50 mg/L CaCO3

moderately hard

50-150 mg/L CaCO3

hard

150-300 mg/L CaCO3

very hard

>300 mg/L CaCO3

laxative

Mg 2+ hardness – _____ effect on persons not used to it

ethylenediaminetetracetic acid

titrant for hardness measurement

eriochrome black T

indicator for hardness titration

Total Dissolved Solids

The material remaining in the water after filtration. This material is left as a solid residue upon evaporation of the water and constitutes a part of total solid

Fluorides

‒ Seldom found in appreciable quantities in surface waters

‒ Appear in ground water in a few geographical regions

‒ Toxic to humans and animals in large quantities, small concentrations are beneficial

1 mg/L

fluoride concentration that can help prevent dental cavities

2 mg/L

fluoride concentration that can cause discoloration of teeth (mottling)

<1.5 mg/L

rare mottling fluoride concn

>5 mg/L

fluoride concentration that can cause bone fluorosis

1.5 mg/L

recommended limit for fluoride concn in drinking water

bone fluorosis

accumulation of fluoride which can contribute to osteoporosis

Toxic Heavy Metals

those metals that are harmful in relatively small amounts.

Kidney

complex filters whose primary purpose is to eliminate toxic substances

Nephrotoxins

chemicals that are toxic to kidneys

Cd, Pb, Hg

nephrotoxic metals (symbols)

Ca, Mg, Na, Fe, Mn, Al, Cu, Zn

non-toxic metals (8; symbols only)

Sodium

‒ most abundant in natural waters and in the earth’s crust.

‒ It is highly reactive with other elements.

‒ Excessive concentration cause a bitter taste in water and a health hazard to cardiac and kidney patients.

‒ It is also corrosive to metal surfaces and is toxic to plants in large concentrations.

Iron and Manganese

‒ impart a noticeable bitter taste to drinking water even at very low concentration

‒ Bacteria use these metals as source of energy, so the resulting slime growth produce taste and odor problems

‒ These ions can also cause black or brown stains on laundry and plumbing fixtures

‒ measured by many instrumental methods such as atomic absorption spectrometry, flame atomic absorption spectrometry, cold vapor atomic absorption spectrometry, electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometry, and inductively coupled plasma (ICP)

Copper and Zinc

- nontoxic if found in small concentrations

‒ both essential and beneficial for human health and growth of plants and animals

‒ can cause undesirable tastes in drinking water

‒ At high concentrations, zinc imparts a milky appearance to the water

‒ measured by the same methods used for iron and manganese measurements

arsenic

metallic taste if ingested except ____ which is tasteless

lead

Most metals cause diarrhea except ____ which causes constipation

chelators

antidotes for toxic metals

Lead

‒ Most common metallic poison

‒ Occurs in organic an inorganic forms

‒ Absorption of ingested ____ in children is much more than in adults (50% children and 10% adults)

‒ Probably the most important chronic environmental illness affecting children

‒ In children, probably no organ system is immune to the effects of ____ poisoning

Inhalation, Ingestion

2 methods of exposure to lead

Cadmium

used in metal plating, active ingredient in rechargeable batteries

Itai-Itai disease

disease caused by cadmium

Jinzu River

river related to itai-itai disease

1912

start of cadmium poisoning in toyoma prefecture, japan

Mercury

Only metal that is liquid at room temperature

a naturally occurring element that is found in air, water and soil.

Hydrargyrum

greek word for water silver

elemental/metallic, organic, inorganic

several forms of mercury

Elemental Mercury

exposure to Barometers, batteries, dental amalgams, electroplating, fingerprinting products, fluorescent and mercury lamps, infrared detectors, jewelry industry, manometers, neon lamps, paints, photography, silver and gold production, thermometers

Organic Mercury

exposure to Antiseptics, bactericidal, fungicides, insecticidal products, laundry products, diaper products, paper manufacturing, seed preservation, and wood preservatives

Inorganic Mercury

exposure to Cosmetics, disinfectants, explosives, ink manufacturing, mirror silvering, perfume industry, photography, tattooing inks, and wood preservation