History of Psychology Exam #4

Fall 2023

Gestalt is perhaps best translated as

configuration or form

The “squareness” of a square and the musical melody are both examples of

Gestalt qualities

The seminal insight leading to Gestalt psychology was experienced by

Wertheimer

The Gestalt psychologists initially chose to focus on perception ______.

To challenge Wundtian psychology directly

A ____ is a quality of wholeness or completeness in perceptual experiences that does not vary even when the actual sensory elements change.

Perceptual constancy

Wertheimer called apparent movement the _____.

Phi phenomenon

The Gestalt psychologists maintained that a correspondence called ____ exists between perceptual activity and brain activity

isomorphism

Which of the following statements indicates how Gestalt psychology and behaviorism treated the study of consciousness?

Gestalt psychology accepted the study of consciousness but criticized the attempt to analyze it into elements. Behaviorism refused to acknowledge the existence of consciousness.

Kohler argued that his work with chimpanzees showed the the learning process:

is very quick, almost instantaneous (insight driven)

A television show with a cliffhanger ending illustrates

the Zeigarnik effect

Many people consider Freud’s most important book to be

The Interpretation of Dreams

According to Freud, the biological, need-related, pleasure seeking part of everyone’s personality is the

id

Which of the following was a major tool of psychoanalysis as determined by Freud?

Free association, dream analysis

Freud’s seduction theory was the idea that neuroses result from

childhood sexual abuse

Freud believed that all dreams

represent wish fulfillment

The Oedipal conflict occurs during the _____ stage of development.

phallic

Josef Breuer found that Anna O obtained some symptomatic relief from

talking out her hallucinations under hypnosis

What was the most prominent “inaugural” case that launched the whole theory of psychoanalysis?

the case of Anna O

Which of the following did Freud view as the organism’s conscience?

Superego

Founder of Psychiatry

Benjamin Rush

Founded hypnosis

Franz Anton Mesmer

Turned hypnosis into a science

James Braid

Published ‘Gestalt Psychology,’ official book on the topic

Wolfgang Kohler

Published ‘Perception: An Introduction to the Gestalt-Theorie,’ the first explanation of Gestalt

Kurt Koffka

Created Gestalt psychology

Max Wertheimer

Ernst Mach

space-form and time-form

Gestalt:

the whole is different than the sum of its parts

Phenomenology

Unbiased description of immediate experiences as they occur not analyzed or reduced to elements

Gestalt psychology was viewed as _____

heretical

Pierre Janet

Rejected the idea that hysteria was a physical ailment and offered that it was a mental disorder

Jean Charcot

Hysteria and hypnotism

Anna Freud’s pioneering work was

on child analysis

Much of Carl Jung’s personality psychology focused on 4 major Archetypes. Which Archetype was defined as the face we let others see?

Persona

Which of the following is a psychological approach that emphasizes the human need to overcome inferiority and achieve dominance while still maintaining a sense of positive social interest

Alfred Adler’s Individual Psychology

Jung’s Analytical Psychology, compared to Freud’s psychoanalysis, was:

a brand of psychology that focuses less on sexuality and more on culture, religion, dream analysis, the unconscious mind, and the collective unconscious

Who developed the notion that one’s position in birth order could predict their later outcomes in life?

Alfred Adler

A major figure who collaborated with Freud in developing the concept of defense mechanisms was:

Anna Freud

Inferiority feelings, according to Adler, develop in:

everyone

Karen Horney disagreed most specifically with which aspect of Freud’s theory

his “phallocentic,” view of female sexuality

For Adler, the child most likely to have problems in adulthood is the:

youngest

In addition to the personal unconscious, Jung believed that we have a deeper unconscious he called the

collective unconscious

Emanuel Kant

argued that when we perceive objects we encounter mental states that appear to be composed of bits and pieces

Franz Bentano

argued that psychology should study the act of experiencing it as it occurred rather than trying to artificially introspect

Christian von Ehrenfels

proposed qualities of experience that cannot be explained by combining sensory elements

Kohler hated

nazis

Popular approach to mental health at the time

somatic

Influenced Freud

Darwin

Anna Freud focused mainly on the

ego

Freud mainly focused on the

Id

Self-actualization

Maslow’s theory that humans strive to meet their needs in order to be better

Abraham Maslow

Father of humanistic psychology

Carl Rogers

Humanistic psychologist who developed multiple types of therapies

Person Centered Therapy

Responsibility for improvement is on the person not the therapist

Positive Regard

Rogers believed children required unconditional love

Criticisms of humanistic psychology

Most samples were non-representative

Wrote “Man’s Search for Meaning”

Viktor Frankl

Nuremberg Trials

Trials held to bring Nazis to justice following the end of WWII

Diana Baumrind

Denounced use of deception in psychology, influenced the IRB

Philip Zimbardo

Stanford prison experiment

IRB

the National Research Act, gave guidelines for research practices

The three guidelines of the IRB

Autonomy, beneficence, justice