Endocrine System HAP

hypersecretion

too much hormone is released

hyposecretion

not enough hormone is released

nervous system characteristics

more short-term

faster

endocrine system chracteristics

long-term

widespread effects

lipid-soluble hormone

steroid hormone

steroids

can pass directly through the target cell membrane, forming a hormone-receptor complex which alters the actions of the cell

water-soluble hormone

non-steroid hormones

like a molecular relay

not able to pass through the membrane

bind to receptors on the outside of the target cell, which activates a 2nd messenger to mediate the response to the target cell

hypothalamus

main function is to control the pituitary gland by hormonal and neural stimulation (secretes hormones into the pituitary)

pituitary gland

controls many other glands in the body (thyroid-stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotropic, growth, melanocyte-stimulating, prolactin, gonadotropins)

islets of langerhands

look like tiny islands; make up the endocrine apart of the pancreas; produce insulin and glucagon

anterior pituitary

the front love of the pituitary gland; TSH, ACTH, GH, MSH, PRL, Gonadotropins

thymus

endocrine gland located near the sternum; produces thymopoietin, thymic factor, and thymosin

gonads

reproductive organs that produce sex cells and secrete sex hormones (females- ovaries; males- testes)

calcitonin

reduces the calcium levels in the blood; secreted by thyroid

parathyroid hormone

brings calcium out of the bones and into the bloodstream f or use by cells secreted by parathyroid glands

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

stimulates melanocytes to produce melanin; secreted by the anterior pituitary

antidiuretic hormone

increases water retention in kidneys, decreasing urine production; secreted by posterior pituitary

follicle-stimulating hormone

stimulated egg or sperm production; secreted by the anterior pituitary

oxytocin

stimulates contraction of uterus during childbirth and promotes release of breast milk, secreted by posterior pituitary

progesterone

cause breast development and control of menstrual cycle; secreted by gonads

luteinizing hormone

stimulated release of sex hormones; secreted by anterior pituitary

glucagon

raise blood glucose levels; secreted by alpha cells in the pancreas

growth hormone

stimulates growth in bones and muscles; secreted by anterior pituitary

epiniphrine

regulate the “fight or flight” response to emergency situations. increases heart rate, blood pressure, blood flow, intake of oxygen for immediate energy; secreted by adrenal medulla in adrenal glands

melatonin

rise and fall during day and night causing sleep and wake cycles; secreted by pineal gland

what are the three ways to activate endocrine glands and examples of each

hormonal stimuli (hypothalamus stimulates the pituitary)

humoral stimuli (blood calcium levels stimulate parathyroid glands)

neutral stimuli (the sympathetic nervous system during stress causes release of epinephrine from adrenal glands)

hormonal stimuli

glands are encouraged by hormones secreted by other glands

humoral stimuli

levels of nutrients and a hormones in the blood can cause glands to secreted hormones

neutral stimuli

nerve impulses cause glands to secrete hormones

how does a hormone know which cells to affect

target cells have receptors for specific hormones

hormones secreted by anterior pituitary

thyroid-stimulating hormone

adrenocorticotropic hormones

growth hormones

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

prolactin

luteinizing hormone

folllicle-stimulating hormone

hormones secreted by the posterior pituitary

antidiuretic hormone (increases water retention in the kidney decreasing urine production)

oxytocin; OT (stimulates contraction of the uterus during childbirth and promotes the release of breast milk)

result from the hypersecretion of the growth hormone by the pituitary gland/ most often caused by a tumor that results in symptoms such as large hands and feet (TWO CONDITIONS)

acromegaly and gigantism

results from a hypersecretion of the cortisol hormone from the adrenal glands. sometimes caused by an overproduction of the adrenocorticotropic hormone from the pituitary gland. symptoms include weight gain, fatty deposits, thinning skin, and bruising easily, etc.

cushing disease

condition affecting the thyroid gland. symptoms include swelling in the neck, difficulty swallowing, hoarseness in the voice, and dizziness when raising an arm above your head

goiter

result from a hyposecretion of the thyroid gland, symptoms inlude the swelling of the face, lips, eyelids, and tongue, swelling and thickening of skin anywhere on the body low pressure and heart rate, sparse or brittle hair, colr intolerance, etc.

myxedema

result from the hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal glands. Symptoms include muscle weakness, fatigue, darkening of skin, weight loss, a decrease in heart rate and blood pressure, etc.

addison’s disease

result from the hyposecretion or inability to respond to the antidiuretic (ADH) hormone. Symptoms include frequent need to pass high volumes of dilated urine, excessive thirst, and dehydration.

diabetes insipidus

result from the hypsecretion of the thyroid gland. Similar to myxedema, but congenital, so it occurs in infants. Symptoms include lack of weight gain, stunted growth, fatigue, lethargy, poor feeding, abnormal bone growth and facial features, mental disabilities, etc.

congenital hypothyroidism

Define and contrast the difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

Endocrine glands secrete substances into the bloodstream, whereas exocrine glands secrete substances into the ducts. Both function in communication and control.

Endocrine example: Thyroid gland

Exocrine example: Sweat glands

Both example: Pancreas