bio bases of behavior- 2

2 body systems of regulation

nervous and endocrine

rapid response and short duration

nervous

slow response and long duration

endocrine

nerve cell - basic unit of structure and function, transmits electrochemical signals

neuron

cell body- maintains cell

soma

receive signal

dendrites

signal travels ?

axon to terminal, d-s-a

neurons maintain a ( ) charge ( ) by pumping sodium ions out and potassium ions in

(-) (resting potential)

if dendrites are excited up to ( ), nerve fires ( ) ; sends ( ) down axon

- all or no response

(threshold potential) (depolarizes) (action potential)

recharge period .0005s

refractory period/ repolarization

speeds transmission of signal down axon, limits ability to rewire connections

Myelin

progressive loss of myelin, slow transmission

MS

gap between neurons

synapse

firing neuron releases ( ) from axon terminals - may excite or inhibit- or maybe be broken down in synapse or drift back to the sender to be reused

(neurotransmitters)

mood, attention, movement ect.

- high = schizophrenia

low = parkinsons

dopamine

mood, sleep, sex, appetite ect.

- high= vomiting, coma, death

low= depression, ocd

serotonin

mucle contraction, memory

- high= convulsions, ridgid paralysis

low= alzheimers, flaccid paralysis

acetylcholine (ACh)

attention, flight or fight response

- low= adhd, depression

norepinephrine

sleep, selective attention

- inhibitory

-low= anxiety

GABA

handmade (in yo body) morphine

- blocks pain- mood, sleep, pleasure, sex

endorphins

mimic nt

agonist

keep NTs in synapse so they keep working

reuptake inhibitors

increase NT effectivness or amount

Promoters

makes them last longer

breakdown inhibitors

block receptors

antagonist

brain and spinal cord

consists of interneurons

central nervous system (CNS)

peripheral nervous system

- neurons receive signals from receptors, send info to CNS

Afferent (sensory)

peripheral nervous system

- neurons carry instructions from CNS to muscles, glands

efferent (motor)

peripheral nervous system

motor divisions:

controls voluntary muscles

- reflex arc

somatic

peripheral nervous system

motor divisions:

controls glands, heart, smooth muscles

- flight or fight response

autonomic

sympathetic division of autonomic NS

- prepares the body for action

- adrenal gland releases epinephrine

- heat rate, perspiration, respiration increases

- pupils dilate

- blood to muscles, digestion slows

parasympathetic division restores homeostasis

flight or fight response

tools of brain study

observation

autopsy

lesions

electrical/magnetic stimulation

over all electrical activity

EEG- electroencephalogram

series of x rays- shows sections of brain, physical structures

cat- computerized axial tomography

detects glucose consumption

pet- positron emission tomography

shows physical structures including soft tissue

MRI- Magnetic resonance imaging

detects blood flow as well as physical structures including soft tissue

fmri- functional magnetic resonance imaging

-less than 2 pounds

-100 billion neurons

connect up to 10000 others

brain facts

myelinated axons

white matter

mostly somae and dendrites

gray matter

three layers of tissue surrounding the brain and spinal cord

meninges

cushions and protects the brain

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

( ) in brain have thicker, less permeable walls

capillaries

prevents most poisons, infections, drugs and immune system components from reaching the brain

blood- brain barrier

reptilian brain or hindbrain

brain stem

brain stem

- heart rate, basic automatic functions

medulla oblongata

brain stem

- switching area for control of body, dreams, respiration

pons

inside brainstem

-alertness, arousal

reticular formation

motor control, balance, muscle memory

cerebellum

thalamus

hypothalamus

the limbic system

midbrain/ mammalian brain

switching area for all senses, except smell

thalamus

drives hunger thirst and sex; controls endocrine system

hypothalamus

the limbic system

emotion

limbic

fear and rage

amygdala

limbic

pleasure habit and routine ect

basal ganglia

limbic

memory

hippocampus

human brain

cerebral cortex/ neocortex

30 billion neurons with 10000 synapses each

250 billion glial cells support feed and produce myelin and guide new connections

two hempispheres

human brain

connects 2 hemispheres- composed of 250 million axons

corpus callosum

each hemisphere has 4 lobes

frontal parietal temporal occipital

judgment

planning

problem solving

controlling and executing behavior

contains motor cortex

over all maturity

frontal lobe

spatial relations/ orientation

memory of faces and spaces

contains sensory cortex aka somatosensory cortex

- sense of touch

parietal lobe

mostly taken up my visual cortex

involved with memory

association areas

occipital lobe

contains auditory cortex

involved with memory

association areas

temporal lobe

areas of brain without dedicated function can be activated for many purposes

association areas

specialization of cerebral hemispheres

some individual variation exists

about 1/3 of left handed people have reversed specialization

hemispheric lateralization

humor

right

empathy

right

episodic memory

right

pattern recognition

right

wholistic problem solving; insight

right

spatial relations

right

control of left side

right

music

right

control of right

left

language

left

sequential problem solving; logic

left

chronology; cause and effect

left

arithmetic

left

attention to detail

left

rationalization

left

big picture (forest)

right

details (trees)

left

impaired use of language

aphasia

left frontal lobe, produces speech

broca's area

broca's aphasia

expressive

left temporal lobe, processes meaning, build/ interprets sentences

wernicke's area

wernicke's aphasia

receptive

left parietal lobe converts visual into auditory (reading)

angular gyrus

severed to treat epilepsy

corpus callosum

can point and draw with left hand

cannot name, point or draw with right

left visual field

ability of brain to change/ reassign functions

decreases with age

plasticity

white matter and brainstem

not plastic

cortex regions with dedicated functions

limited plasticity

association areas

greater plasticity

visual cortex > touch and hearing

blind

auditory cortex > vision

deaf

age 25 had a tamping iron damage frontal lobe

resulted in

blind in one eye

limp

poor planning ability

intense moods and emotions

not himself

phineas gage

glands secrete hormones

long term regulation

endocrine system

pineal gland

hypothalamus

pituitary

thyroid

adrenal

pancreas

gonads

endocrine glands