Napoleonn 2nd midterm

German Unification

The process through which the German nation-state was created in 1871, led by Otto von Bismarck and involving the defeat of Denmark, Austria, and France.

Kleindeutschland

A solution for German unification that included Prussia and other German states while excluding Austria and non-German minorities.

Nationalism pre-WWI

The shift from liberal to conservative goals, increasing ethnic exclusion, and the rise of aggressive nationalist movements.

Austro-Hungarian Empire

An empire that felt threatened by nationalist movements, particularly from Slavs and Hungarians seeking independence.

Ottoman Empire

An empire that faced threats from nationalist uprisings in the Balkans, with Serbian and Greek movements seeking independence.

Second Industrial Revolution

A period from c. 1870 to 1914 characterized by advances in steel production, electricity, and the chemical industries.

Regulationism

A state-controlled system of prostitution that subjected women to medical exams while imposing no restrictions on men, reflecting gender inequalities.

New Imperialism

The direct territorial control and economic exploitation established by European powers from c. 1870 to 1914, distinguished by its competition among nations and technological advances.

Scientific Racism

The use of pseudoscientific theories in the late 1800s that classified races hierarchically, reinforcing racial hierarchies and colonial rule.

Fashoda Crisis

A 1898 conflict between Britain and France over territorial claims in Africa that heightened tensions and rivalries among European powers.

Schlieffen Plan

Germany's military strategy developed before World War I aimed at quick victories against France and Russia.

Balkan Wars

Conflicts (1912-1913) that weakened the Ottoman Empire and emboldened Serbian nationalism, contributing to tensions leading to WWI.

Total War

A conflict in which the mobilization of entire societies, economies, and industries is involved, blurring the lines between civilian and military roles.

February Revolution

The 1917 uprising in Russia that forced Tsar Nicholas II to abdicate, driven by wartime discontent and failures.

Home Front

The civilian sector of a nation at war, where women engaged in various roles, often contrasting sharply with soldiers' experiences at the front lines.

Wartime Hypocrisy

The contradiction exposed during WWI when colonized peoples were expected to fight for European powers while being denied self-rule.

Industrial Warfare

A type of warfare characterized by mass conscription, mechanization, and high casualties, notably seen in World War I.

Gender Roles in War

The societal expectations of men and women during wartime, often depicting women as supporters of the war while men faced its brutal realities.