Music History 1: Exam 2

Musica Enchiriadis

(Music Handbook) One of the two earliest recording of Medieval polyphony

Scolica Enchiriadis

(Music Excerpts) One of the two earliest recording of Medieval polyphony

Ad Organum Faciendum

Instructions on how to write organum

Free Organum

A melody with at least one voice added to enhance the harmony

Oblique Organum

Each voice has independent melodies, but each note value has a counterpart in the other voice

Florid Organum

The tenor has the original chant in long drawn out notes, while a soloist has their own note groups sung above the tenor

Anonymous IV

An unknown student whose manuscripts gave insight to the two prominent composers of the time Peronin and Leonin

Purum Style

Tenor has the original melodies in long drawn out note values while the duplum has the melismatic melody

Discant Style

The tenor is faster and rhythmic (aka measured), but still holds the chant melody, and the duplume is melismatic

Clausula

A section of a Organum in discant style

De Musica Measurabilis

The first text to explain the modal rhythmic system written by Garlandia

Magnus Libre Organi

A collection of organums compiled by Leonin

Leonin

• A clergyman assign to the Notre Dame School

• Wrote one of two organums based on the Viderunt omnes

• Famous for compiling a collection of organums

Perotin

• Extended Leonin’s style

• Mainly wrote 3 and 4 part organums

• Introduced the idea of voice exchange

• Wrote one of two organums based on the Viderunt omnes

Substitute Clausula

A newly written clausula that can replace a clausula in a piece

Rhythmic Modes

A system of six durational patterns that serve as the basis of rhythmic notation of Notre Dame

Motet

Polyphonic, sometimes with an imitative counterpoint, for a chorus singing a Latin and usually sacred text

Motetus

The name for the above the voice tenor

Double Motet

Two different texts sung simultaneously over the tenor

Triple Motet

Three different texts sung simultaneously above the tenor

Rondellus

A work constructed from voice exchange

Rota

A canon or round at the unison

English Music

Adopted the French style of polyphony, but used imperfect consonances like thirds and sixths

Ars Nova

Philippe de Vitry

Mensuration Signs

Rhythmic notation that was described in the Ars Nova. It established a duple subdivision as valid as a triple subdivision

Isorhythm

A technique where the tenor is laid out in identical rhythmic patterns

Talea

The rhythmic pattern in the isorhythmic tenor

Color

The pitch pattern

Hocket

When a single melody is shared with two or more voices such that one voice sounds while another rests

Guillaume de Machaut

• Composed 23 isorhythmic motets; All double motets; French in one upper voice and Latin in the other

• Used isorhythm so extensively it became its on genre

Notre Dame Mass

• The earliest surviving polyphonic setting of the mass ordinary by a named composer

• Written by Guillaume de Machaut

Formes Fixes

• Rondeau

• Virelai

• Ballade

Rondeau

ABaAabAB

Virelai

AbbaA

Ballade

aab(C)

Ars Subtilior

It is the mannerismic style of the late medieval era

Mannerism

Phenomenon where composers became so skilled they showed off in how they wrote their songs

Trecento

Italian Music of the 14th Century

Squarcialupi Codex

A collection of trecento compiled in the 1400s

Madrigal

• Musical setting of an Italian poem for two or three voices

• No instrumental accompaniment

• Consists of two or three stanzas with a refrain of two lines

  • Form: aab

Caccia

• To chase or hunt

• Two voice canons

  • One voice imitating the other

Form: Canon

Ballata

• Similar to the french virelai

• Form: AbbaA

Francesco Landini

• Greatest composer of the 14th century of the Italian Trecento

  • Only composed secular music

• Often used the under third cadence

Landini Cadence/ Under-third Cadence

A sixth stepping down to a fifth before one voice leaps a third to achieve octaves

Haut

Loud Instruments

Bas

Soft Instruments

Musica Ficta

Alternation of notes by the performer without the music notation to do so

Cadence Types

• Under-third

• Leading tone Cadence

• Medieval Cadence

Medieval Cadence

A sixth expanding to octaves

Leading Tone Cadence

The leading tone resolving to the tonic

Aquitanian Organum

• Voices are rhythmically independent of one another

• The tenor is as rhythmically complex as the upper voice and does not just drone

Alleluia Justus ut Palma

• Free Organum

• Polyphonic Texture

Benedicamus Domino

• Florid Organum

• Polyphonic Texture

Viderunt omnes

Both Leonin and Perotin wrote one

• Leonin: Organum Duplum

• Perotin: Organum Quadruplum

Clausulae on Dominus

• Substitute Clausula

Super te/Sed fulsit/Primus/Dominus

• Motet

Aucuns vont/Amor qui cor/Kyrie

• Double Motet

• Petrus de Cruces

Sumer is icumen in

• Rota (Round/Canon)

Garrit gallus/In nova fert/Neuma

• Isorhythmic Motet

• Phillipe de Vitry

Rose, liz, printemps, verdure

• Rondeau (ABaAabAB)

• Guillaume de Machaut

• C-Ionian

Douce dame jolie

• Virelai (AbbaA)

• Guillaume De Machaut

e puis trop bien

• Ballade (aab)

• Guillaume de Machaut

• C-Ionian

Si dolce non sono

• Madrigal (AAB)

• Fancesco Landini

Non avra ma pieta

• Ballata (AbbaA)

• Fancesco Landini

Choir Book Format

A way of notating music in a way all voices fit on a single page.