WFC110L- Midterm1

labs 3-10

Prototheria

subclass

Monotremata

order under subclass Prototheria

• most basal

• eggs & cloaca

• no teeth

• bird-like skull

Ornithorhynchidae

family under subclass Prototheria, order Monotremata

• australia

• duck-like skull

• premaxillae expand laterally & seperate anteriorly

• more robust dentary bone

• platypus

Tachyglossidae

family under subclass Prototheria, order Monotremata

• australia & new guinea

• slender lower jaw

• premaxillae separated except at anterior ends

• echidna

Theria

subclass

Metatheria

infraclass under subclass Theria

• marsupials

• pouch

• small braincase

• angular process of lower jaw inflected

Ameridelphia

cohort under subclass Theria, infraclass Metatheria

Didelphimorphia

order under subclass Theria, infraclass Metatheria, cohort Ameridelphia

Didelphidae

family under subclass Theria, infraclass Metatheria, cohort Ameridelphia, order Didelphimorphia

• north & south america

• hind digits free & equal

• many lower incisors, 5I/4i

• developed canines

• developed sagittal crest

• tribosphenic molars

• small bullae

• possum

Australidelphia

cohort under subclass Theria, infraclass Metatheria

Dasyuromorphia

order under subclass Theria, infraclass Metatheria, cohort Australidelphia

Dasyuridae

family under subclass Theria, infraclass Metatheria, cohort Australidelphia, order Dasyuromorphia

• australia & new guinea

• long hairy tail

• developed canines

• tribosphenic molars

• many lower incisors w/ 4I/3i

• hind digits free & equal

• absent sagittal crest

Peramelemorphia

order under subclass Theria, infraclass Metatheria, cohort Australidelphia

Peramelidae

family under subclass Theria, infraclass Metatheria, cohort Australidelphia, order Peramelemorphia

• new guinea

• smaller hind digits 2&3 encased in sheath of skin

• many lower incisors w/ 4-5I/3i

• reduced canines

• long narrow cranium

• no sagittal crest

Diprotodontia

order under subclass Theria, infraclass Metatheria, cohort Australidelphia

• 2 pronounced lower incisors

Phascolarctidae

family under subclass Theria, infraclass Metatheria, cohort Australidelphia, order Diprotodontia

• eastern australia

• robust cranium

• no sagittal crest

• square molars

• v parallel cheek teeth

• small upper canines

• koalas

Phalangeridae

family under subclass Theria, infraclass Metatheria, cohort Australidelphia, order Diprotodontia

• australia & new guinea

• broad cranium

• sagittal crest

• diprotodont w/ 3I/2i

• reduced canines

• enlarged 1st cheek tooth mandible

• transversely lophodont molars

Pseudocheiridae

family under subclass Theria, infraclass Metatheria, cohort Australidelphia, order Diprotodontia

• australia, new guinea, forests & shrublands

• membrane from ankle to elbow for gliding

• small canine

• diprotodont w/ 1-3I/1-2i

Macropodidae

family under subclass Theria, infraclass Metatheria, cohort Australidelphia, order Diprotodontia

• australia & new guinea

• elongated cranium

• no upper canine

• transversely bilophodont molars

• diprotodont w/ 3I/1i

• kangaroos, wallabies, quokkas, etc.

Eutheria

infraclass under subclass Theria

Xenarthra

clade under subclass Theria, infraclass Eutheria

Cingulata

order under subclass Theria, infraclass Eutheria, clade Xenarthra

Dasypodidae

family under subclass Theria, infraclass Eutheria, clade Xenarthra, order Cingulata

• south america to southern north america

• elongated & flattened skull

• homodont cheek teeth

Pilosa

order under subclass Theria, infraclass Eutheria, clade Xenarthra

Bradypodidae

family under subclass Theria, infraclass Eutheria, clade Xenarthra, order Pilosa

• central & south america

• v round skull

• no incisors

• no canines

• peg-like cheek teeth

• 3-toed sloth

Choloepodidae

family under subclass Theria, infraclass Eutheria, clade Xenarthra, order Pilosa

• central america & northern south america

• v round skull

• no incisors

• no canines

• 1st premolar canine-like

• 2-toed sloth

Myrmecophagidae

family under subclass Theria, infraclass Eutheria, clade Xenarthra, order Pilosa

• central & south america

• elongate skull

• anteater

Hyracoidea

order

Procaviidae

family under order Hyracoidea

• africa & middle east

• mad villain-like eyes

• incisors canine-like

• lophodont cheekteeth

• hyraxes

Proboscidea

order

Elephantidae

family under order Proboscidea

• africa, southeast asia

• tusks

• cyclops looking

• elephants

Sirenia

order

Dugongidae

family under order Sirenia

• coastal waters of indo-pacific

• dolphin-like tail

• slight cleft on upper lip

• no nails

• no skull available

• dugong

Trichechidae

family under order Sirenia

• coastal waters & rivers of subtropical Atlantic, coastal west africa & congo river basin

• rounded tail

• large supraorbital process

• skull

• manatee

Tubulidentata

order

Orycteropodidae

family under order Tubulidentata

• sub-saharan africa

• long rostrum

• no incisors, no canines

• homodont, columnar cheek teeth

• aardvark

Primates

order

• grasping hands & feet, opposable pollex & hallux, nails

• forward orbit rotation

• brachydont, quadrituberculate, bunodont

Strepsirrhini

suborder under order Primates

• lower primates

• long rostrum

• comma nostrils; dog noses

• grooming claw (hind)

• tooth comb

Lemuridae

family under order Primates, suborder Strepsirrhini

• madagascar & comoro islands

• tooth-comb incisors

• small peg upper incisors

• long rostrum

• postorbital bar

• long bushy tail, dog nose

• lemurs

Haplorrhini

suborder under order Primates

• higher primates

• short rostrum

• plate separating orbits from temporal fossa

• round brain case

Platyrrhini

parvorder under order Primates, suborder Haplorrhini

• western/americas

• 3PM, 3pm

• nostrils directed laterally

• prehensile tail

• new world monkeys

Catarrhini

parvorder under order Primates, suborder Haplorrhini

• “old world”

• 2PM, 2pm

• nostrils forward

• tails not prehensile

• ischial callosities (red butt; exc. hominidae)

Cercopithecidae

family under order Primates, suborder Haplorrhini, parvorder Catarrhini

• africa, asia

• auditory bullae extend laterally as bony tube

• quadritubercular bilophodont molars

• ischial callosities (butt)

• “old world” monkeys (macaques, baboons, etc.)

Hominidae

family under order Primates, suborder Haplorrhini, parvorder Catarrhini

• cosmopolitan; Sumatra & Broneo, equatorial Africa (non-humans)

• sagittal crest

• large braincase

• quadritubercular molars, Y-5 cusp pattern

• great apes

Hylobatidae

family under order Primates, suborder Haplorrhini, parvorder Catarrhini

• SE asia, arborial, lower montane tropical rainforests

• large orbits; protruding rims

• bunodont molars

• v long arms

• no tail

• gibbons, siamang

Dermoptera

order

Cynocephalidae

family under order Dermoptera

• SE asia

• skin membrane neck to forelimb

• each lower incisor comb-like

• broad & flat cranium

• colugos

Scandentia

order

Tupaiidae

family under order Scandentia

• SE asia

• small

• squirrel-like w/ large pinnae (ears)

• hole in zygomatic arch (lemurs also have)

• upper molars w/ weak W

• tree shrews

Lagomorpha

order

• 2 pairs upper incisors, 2nd pair small behind other

• fenestrated maxilla

Ochotonidae

family under order Lagomorpha

• western North america, europe, asia

• rocky terrain of outcrops and talus

• small

• circular haired ears

• jugal projects (beyond posterior margin of zygomatic arch)

• maxilla w/ perforation

• pikas

Leporidae

family under order Lagomorpha

• native everywhere but australia & antarctica

• postorbital process, fan-shaped

• nasal wide posteriorly

• rabbits/hares

Rodentia

order

• 1 pair upper & lower incisors

• broad diastema b/w incisor & cheek teeth

• no canines

• far back orbits

Sciuromorpha

suborder under order Rodentia

Aplodontiidae

family under order Rodentia, suborder Sciuromorpha

• Western North america, moist environments

• apple teeth!

• infraorbital foramen medium

• no zygomatic plate

• mountain beaver, sewellel

Sciuridae

family under order Rodentia, suborder Sciurimorpha

• all continents exc. australia & antarctica, temperate & tropical

• large postorbital process

• infraorbital foramen canal small; teardrop/slit

• zygomatic plate

• squirrels, marmots, prairie dogs

Castorimorpha

suborder under order Rodentia

Castoridae

family under order Rodentia, suborder Castorimorpha

• north america, eurasia; streams, rivers, lakes in temperate habitats

• large blocky skull

• broad jugal

• infraorbital foramen small, slit

• beavers

Geomyidae

family under order Rodentia, suborder Castorimorphia

• north & central america

• robust cranium, flat profile

• infraorbital foramen compressed against rostrum side; or V shaped

• 4 cheekteeth, 1st figure 8 shaped

• fur-lined cheek pouches

• pocket gophers

Heteromyidae

family under order Rodentia, suborder Castorimorphia

• western north america to northern south america

• arid & semi-arid zones, deserts, subtropical forests

• auditory bullae inflated

• nasals extend beyond upper incisors

• infraorbital foramen not large; or V shaped

• hole pierces rostrum

• zygomatic plate

• kangaroo rats, pocket mice

Rodentia (again)

order

Myomorpha

suborder under order Rodentia

Zapodidae

family under order Rodentia, suborder Myomorpha

• tri-colored, large ears

• hind limbs for jumping

• small skull

• large infraorbital foramen

• jerboas, jumping mice, birch mice

Cricetidae

family under order Rodentia, suborder Myomporpha

• northern hemisphere

• haired tail

• cheekteeth w/ 2 rows parallel cusps OR angular x-mas

• v-shaped infraorbital foramen

• v diverse

Muridae

family under order Rodentia, suborder Myomorpha

• worldwide

• hairless tail

• V shaped infraorbital foramen

• cheekteeth w/ 3 rows parallel cusps

• old world rats & mice

Hystricomorpha

suborder under order Rodentia

• large infraorbital foramen

• upper tooth rows converge anteriorly

• cheekteeth 4/4

Hystricidae

family under order Rodentia, suborder Hystricomorpha

• eastern hemisphere

• no quills towards head

• don’t need to know skull

• old world porcupines

Erethizontidae

family under order Rodentia, suborder Hystricomorpha

• western hemisphere; North American forests, Central & South American tropical forests

• uniformly spiny

• blocky skull

• large infraorbital foramen

• upper toothrows ~ converge anteriorly

• cheekteeth w/ large folds

• new world porcupines

Chinchillidae

family under order Rodentia, suborder Hystricomorpha

• south america

• large infraorbital foramen

• enlarged auditory bullae

• angular process elongate

• upper toothrows converge anteriorly

• flat cheekteeth w/ transverse plates

• chinchillas

Caviidae

family under order Rodentia, suborder Hystricomorpha

• south america

• large infraorbital foramen

• large paraoccipital process

• lower jaw prominent ridge

• upper toothrows converge anteriorly

• cheekteeth sharp angular folds

• capybaras, maras, guinea pigs

Eulipotyphla

order

Erinaceidae

family under order Eulipotyphla

• eastern hemisphere

• large canine-like upper incisors

• upper molars quadritubercular, round cusps

• hedgehogs, moonrats

Soricidae

family under order Eulipotyphla

• eurasia, africa, North america to northwest south america

• two condyles on mandible

• no zygomatic arch

• dilambdodont cheekteeth

• large upper 1st incisor w/ cusp

• shrews

Talpidae

family under order Eulipotyphla

• north america to eurasia

• complete zygomatic arch

• auditory bullar

• dilambdodont molars

• moles

Chiroptera

order

• flight

• sternum keeled

• bats

Pteropodidae

family under order Chiroptera

• tropics of eastern hemisphere

• simple ears

• no tragus

• large postorbital process

• distinct cheekteeth

• flying foxes. old world fruit bats

Phyllostomidae

family under order Chiroptera

• southwestern U.S. to argentina

• leaf nose

• 2 holes in palette (maybe 3)

• new world leaf-nosed or fruit bats

Molossidae

family under order Chiroptera

• cosmopolitan; deserts, semi deserts, savanna’s, forests

• Muzzle w/ bumps or wrinkles

• Free tail

• Ears forward

• Shorter palate, ends near cheekteeth

• free tailed bats

Vespertilionidae

family under order Chiroptera

• cosmopolitan

• Tail enclosed

• Prominent tragus

• Split palate

• Longer palate, ends posterior to end of cheek teeth

• common bats, vesper bats

Pholidota

order

Manidae

family under order Pholidota

• scale like plates

• No teeth

• No jugal, no parietal bones

• pangolins?

Carnivora

order

Feliformia

suborder under order Carnivora

Felidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Feliformia

• every continent except Australia and Antarctica

• Less teeth, it good meat eating teeth

• Carnassial pair

• Short blunt rostrum

• Postorbital process

• Cats

Viverridae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Feliformia

• spotted or striped

• Small heads

• Short pointed erect ears

• Long pointed muzzle

• Diagonal division in auditory bullae

• genets, civets, etc.

Herpestidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Feliformia

• unicolored or dorsal bands

• Round ears

• Mongoose/ meerkats

• Horizontal division in auditory bullae

• Postorbital process long

• mongooses, meerkats

Hyaenidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Feliformia

• open vegetation communities

• Hind limbs > forelimbs

• Hyena , aardwolf

• Carnassials well developed

• Upper molar round or elongate

• hyenas, aardwolf

Carnivora

order

• alisphenoid canal goes all way through alisphenoid bone, not into skull

Caniformia

suborder under order Carnivora

Canidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia

• cosmopoliton, exc. Madagascar, New Zealand, & Philippine islands

• long narrow rostrum

• alisphenoid canal

• mastoid process < paraoccipital process

• carnassials well developed

• last M large, transversely elongated

• dog, coyotes, foxes, wolves

Ursidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia

• terrestrial biomes, open arctic to temperate & tropical forests

• alisphenoid canal

• mastoid & paroccipital process roughly equal

• weak carnassials

• bunodont molars

• bears

Otariidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia

• coastal & pelagic

• external ears

• can turn limbs forward

• alisphenoid canal

• supraorbital/postorbital process well developed

• simple cheekteeth

• sea lions, fur seals

Odobenidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia

• coastal regions of arctic ocean & adjacent seas

• enormous canines

• walrus

Phocidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia

• ice fronts & coastlines of polar & temperate oceans, extending to some tropical islands

• earless

• hindlimbs cannot turn forward

• multi-cusped cheek teeth

• earless or haired seals

Mustelidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia

• postmandibular process strongly developed

• palate extends past toothrow

• last M dumbbell shaped (sometimes)

• badgers, otters, weasels, etc.

Mephitidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia

• black & white stripes/patterns

• palate ends at tooth row

• last molar square

• skunks & stink badgers

Procyonidae

family under order Carnivora, suborder Caniformia

• most biomes in western hemisphere temperate & tropical regions, esp near water

• long tail, ringed

• rounded skull

• poorly developed carnassials (exc ringtails)

• large & rounded last M

• mastoid >= paroccipital process

• ringtails, coati, kinkajou, raccoon

Perissodactyla

order

• unguligrade (on tip toes)

• 1-1 or 3-3 digits (odd-toed)

• alisphenoid canal

• nasals wider posteriorly

• lophodont or selenodont cheekteeth

• horses, rhinos, tapirs

Equidae

family under order Perissodactyla

• lophodont/selenodont teeth

• prominent nasals

• square incisors

• postorbital bar

• horses, zebras, asses

Rhinocerotidae

family under order Perissodactyla

• inflated nasals

• pi shaped cheekteeth

• concave dorsally head

• rhinos