english language short answer revision

features of spoken discourse

• openings and closing

• adjacency paits

• overlapping speech

• discourse markers/particles

• non-fluency features

discourse strategies used by speakers

• topic management - methds to shift, maintain or loop semantic domain

• turn taking - taking the floor, holding the floor, passing the floor

• management of repair sequences - correcting speech

• code switching - when someone changes their speech, behviour or appreance to fit in with a group or situation. Promotes in-group membership

examples of morphological patterning

• affixation

• abbreviation

• shortening

• compounding

• blending

• backformation

• conversion of word class

• initialism

• acronym

• contraction

affixation

when a prefix, suffix or infix, gets added to a word

abbreviation

• shortned for of a single lexme or phrase

• KFC

• DR

shortening

a shortened word e.g bro —> brother

compounding

two wards that have been combind into one word → bookshelf

blending

combines parts of two words to create a new word e.g brunch —> lunch and breakfast

backformation

• removing an affix to create a new word

conversion of word class

• when a word class changes without alteration

• usually a noun to a verb. “Im going to uber there”

initalism

• pronouncing each letter separately (FBI)

acrynom

• prnounced as a word

• NASA

contraction

two words combined and shortened (won’t → will not)

leicology word formation processes

• neolgoism

• borrowing

• commonisation

• nominalisation

borrowing

• adopting words from other languages

neologism

• a new lexeme

commonisation

• a proper noun becoming a common noun → esky to esky esky was a brand name

nominlisation

• turning a verb/adjective into a noun decide→ decided

phonological patterning

• alliteration

• assonance

• consonance

• onomatopoeia

• rythm

• rhyme

alliteration

• the same phoneme used at the beginning of multiple words. “Don’t delay”

assonance

• the same vowel phoneme used through multiple words

consance

• the same constant phoneme is used throughout multiple words

rhyme

• words that have the same final vowel phoneme

semantic patterning

• figurative language

• irony

• metaphor

• simile

• oxymoron

• hyperbole

• personification

• animation

• puns

• lexical ambiguity.

features of informal speech

• connected speech process

  • assimilation - speakers make a sound segment that is similar to the next sound segment in the same word

  • vowel reduction - when a vowel sound is reduced

  • ellision - when a constant sound is reduced

  • insertion - when a sound is added where there isn’t one to flow better

• prosodic features

  • pitch

  • stress

  • volume

  • tempo

  • intonation

• paralinguistic features

  • vocal effects, laughter, whispers

  • non verbal communication - gestures, facial expression, eye contact.

features of informality

• hypocoristic suffixes

• colloquial langugae

• slang

• tabbo

• dysphemism - harsh words opposed to eupherism jm

• swearing

prupose of informal language

• create intimacy

• solidarity

• equality

• politness strategies including negative and positive face needs

• promoting linguistic innovation

• promoting social harmony

• negotiatiing social taboos

• building rapport

• supporting in groub membership

intimacy and how it can be created

• use of shared languages or communication styles between individuals to close the social distance and create intiamcy

• use of personal pronouns, inclusive language, contractions which makes language more relaxed