Biological Anthropology 002

Punnett Square

Visual diagram used to predict the possible genotypes and phenotypes of offspring in a genetic cross

Peppered Moth

Natural Selection

- pre-industrial England the moth was a mottled gray color with camouflage w/the lichen on the trees

- when the coal dust began covering the foliage in the 19th century England, the lichen died, and the tree bark was a darker color

- these moths which were darker were favorably selected

Meiosis

the production of gametes through one DNA replication and two cell (and nuclear) divisions, creating four haploid gametic cells

Cultural, Developmental, Acclimatory adaptations

cultural: the ways humans use cultural knowledge, practices, behaviors to adjust to and thrive in their environment

developmental: the changes an organisms phenotype undergoes during growth and development in response to environmental exposures

acclimatory: the temporary, reversible changes in an organism's physiology that occur in response to environmental stressors

High Altitude

a field that studies how humans have adapted to live in high-altitude environments, typically above 2,500 meters (8,200 ft) above sea level

Proteins

- compose bone and muscle

- hormones

- enzymes

- cellular function

Somatic Cells

Diploid cells that form the organs, tissues, and other parts of an organisms body

Gametes

sexual reproductive cells, ova and sperm, that have a haploid number of chromosomes and that can unite with a gamete of the opposite type to form a new organism

Scientific Method

involves empirical data collection and hypothesis testing

Mendel

- experiments in particular inheritance

- discovered dichotomous variation

- developed a series of postulates about inheritance

Lamarck

- inheritance of acquired characteristics

Mendelion

- basic principles associated with the transmission of genetic material, forming the basis of genetics, including the law of segregation and the law of independent assortment

segregation: asserts that two allele's for any given gene (or trait) are inherited, one from each parent' during gamete production, only one of the allele's will be present in each ovum or sperm

assortment: asserts that the inheritance of one trait does not effect the inheritance of other traits

Polygenic

refers to one phenotypic trait that is affected by two or more genes

Bipedalism

walking on two feet

Adaptive Radiation

the diversification of an ancestral group of organisms into new forms that are adapted to specific environmental niches

Natural Selection

the process by which some organisms, with features that enable them to adapt to the environment, preferentially survive and reproduce, thereby increasing the frequency of those features in the population

Allen's Rule

an ecogeographic principle that explains how the body shape of warm-blooded animals adapts to different climates

Ricket's

- a childhood disease causing soft and weakening bones, directly linked to vitamin D deficiency, which is often caused by inadequate UV radiation exposure

- condition leads to softening and weakening of bones, often resulting in skeletal deformities such as bowed legs or thickened wrists and ankles

ABO Blood System

- a system classifying human blood based on the presence or absence of specific antigens, A, B, on red blood cells

- antigens are determined by inherited allele's the system results in four blood types A, B, AB, and O

Malthus

- inspires Darwin and Wallace in discoveries of natural selection

- was arguing for limits of human population growth not concerned with how species change

- argued that in nature there is a tendency in size, while the availability of resources remains relatively the same

- limits for populations to increase is controlled by availability of resources

Uniformitarianism

the concept that processes that occurred in the geologic past are still at work today

Biological Anthropology

the study of the evolution, variation, and adaptation of humans and their past and present relatives; sometimes called physical anthropology

Linnaeus

- natural scheme of life

- taxonomy

- binomial nomenclature

- homo sapiens (us)

- anis lupus --> wolf

Sexual Dimorphism

observable differences in appearance or behavior between the sexes of the same species

Down syndrome ro

- chromosomal abnormalities

= Non disjunctive errors: the failure of homologous chromosomes to separate properly during cell division

- trisomy