National Parks

BEATRIX FERRAND

• Only FEMALE founding member of the ASLA

• Dumbarton Oaks

• Carriage roads in Acadia National Park- similar to Blue Ridge Parkway

• Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden in the New York Botanical Garden

Natural plants in a classical landscape

What kind of plants did BEATRIX FERRAND in what kind of landscape?

FLOWER

BEATRIX FERRAND USED ___________ BORDERS

FOLLOWED

BEATRIX FERRAND ___________ THE TOPOGRAPHY (MAKE THE PLAN FIT THE PLACE NOT VICE VERSA

Ground Plan of the Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden in the New York Botanical Garden

Peggy Rockefeller Rose Garden

JAMES FENIMORE COOPER;

romantic portrayals of nature by __________ _________ ___________ (historical Romance) and HENRY DAVID THOREAU (transcendentalism)

(transcendentalism!)

HENRY DAVID THOREAU =

Imaginary scene from The Last of the Mohicans, Thomas Cole

romantic; challenge to overcome

Painters Thomas Cole and Frederick Edwin Church from the Hudson River School began to show wilderness as _________ instead of a __________ ___ _________

the western United States

Clarence Dutton, Ferdinand V. Hayden, Clarence King, Nathaniel P. Langford, John Muir, and John Wesley Powell, describe the spectacular scenery of what?

“the realm embracing property rights that belong to the community at large”

How did Merriam Webster describe the public domain?

all the people; natives

In the early U.S., all of the land west of the original 13 colonies belonged to ____ ____ ________ (note rightful ________ were being dispossessed)

squandering and destroying the land

Need to create national parks speaks to the difficulty of keeping people from doing what?

Great Ponds Act

Act that states the owner must provide public access for the purposes of “fishing or fowling” on any body of water equal to or greater than 10 acres of size

Louisiana Purchase of 1803

this led to Lewis and Clark’s expedition up the Missouri River (1804-1806)

John Colter

• a member of the expedition part

• continued to explore the west and came back to St. Louis with wild stories of great clefts in the rock, thundering waterfalls, underground explosions, and above all gigantic spouting

California Gold Rush (1862-1855)

Brought 300,000 people to California

Gold was discovered in Montana that year

Why did people begin flocking to MONTANA in 1862?

Pennsylvania Desert

• first state park

Yosemite was becoming the “___________ _______”

• Becomes the ____ _______ ____

• remember Olmsted’s role in its early management

Gustavus Doane; explore Yellowstone and write an official report

1870 Montana citizens persuaded War Department to assign Lieutenant ________ ____ to the leader of the US Army escort of the Washburn-Langford-Doane expedition to do what?

F.V. Hayden; Yellowstone

1871, geologist ____ _______ makes an accurate survey of the _________ area, including maps, reports, photographs and paintings

protection; Congress

after F.V. Hayden makes a survey of Yellowstone, he travels to Washington D.C. to advocate for the ___________ of Yellowstone before __________

Yellow Stone National Park

• Doane’s report and Hayden’s geology assessment ultimately played roles in U.S. Congress establishing Yellowstone as the first national park

• Yellowstone National Park Act (1872)

Challenges

• No appropriation of funds

• Superintendent without staff - protection and enforcement impossible- endless poaching of abundant wildlife

Results of the Challenges

• Result: 1883, Congress authorizes the Army to control the park under the Secretary of the Interior

• 1890: Sequoia, Yosemite, and tiny General Grants National Parks created

John Muir

• “Father of National Parks”

• Scottish-born American, naturalist and author

• Early advocate for the preservation of the US wilderness

• Describes Sierra Nevada (co-founded the Sierra Club)

• Articles: “The Treasure of the Yosemite” & “Features of the Proposed Yosemite National Park”

Three Main reasons to establish a national park:

1. Scenic motive (YELLOWSTONE AND YOSEMITE)

2. Scientific move- geological, biological, or ecological phenomenon worthy of dedicated scientific study (CRATER LAKE)

3. Historical (MESA VERDE)

Antiquities Act of 1906

• Signed by President Theodore Roosevelt

• Grew from movement to protect prehistoric cliff dwellings (pot hunting)

• Allowed a president to set aside a national monument of historic or scientific importance on lands already owned or controlled by the US

• Presidential proclamation quick to accomplish conservation (compared to slow process of Congress)

Role of Landscape Architects

• Advocacy

• Master Planning

  • 1918 Statement of Policy for Park Design

  • Develop a style of naturalistic park design where landscape is preserved and construction must harmonize with nature

Charles Punchard:

:

• Landscape architecture (“engineer”) appointed to do comprehensive studies of each park

• 1st landscape architect of the National Park Service (served 2 years)

Tom Vint

• Took over after Punchard’s death

• Introduces technique of creating and maintaining a master plan for each park area

The plan for parking and visitor facilities near old Faithful in Yellowstone National Park