Honors Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1

anatomy

anatomy

structure; to cut apart; parts of the body and their arrangement

physiology

function; study of the nature of the body

when you loose the structure of an object

you loose the function of it

regional anatomy

concerned with a body area

foot, arm, etc.

examples of regional anatomy

system anatomy

concerned with one system

skeletal, nervous

examples of system anatomy

surface anatomy

structures that are visible or palpable on the skin

cytology

the study of cells

cyto

cells

histology

study of tissues

change

through life stages, development needs

embryology

in utero development

hierarchical organization

chemical-cellular-tissue-organ-organ system

ecm

extra cellular matrix

8 necessary life functions

maintaining boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism, excretion, reproduction, growth

does not equal

growth----development

maintaining boundaries

cell membranes and the skin provide a buffer to the outside world

movement

permitted by muscles

inside movement

cardiac ( heart contractions show beating of heart)

outside movement

skeletal muscle contractility

responsiveness

maintains homeostasis

internal responsiveness

adjust blood pressure, respiration levels, heart rate, etc.

external responsiveness

sweat to regulate body temperature

Digestion

breakdown and absorption of nutrients

metabolism

all chemical reactions

catabolism

tearing down

anabolism

building up

excretion

output waste from metabolism and digestion

urea

urination (excretion of proteins), part of urinary system, produced by kidneys

CO2

exhalation, part of respiratory system

feces

defecation (excretion of unabsorbed foods), digestive system

small-scale reproduction

cell division for growth and repair

large-scale reproduction

production of offspring to continue species

small-scale growth

increase size of body part of organism

large-scale growth

increase number of cells

Integumentary system parts

hair, nails, skin, sweat and oil glands

Integumentary system jobs

1. protects deep tissues from injury/infection 2)synthesizes Vitamin D

2. receives general pain

Skeletal System parts

joints, bones

skeletal system jobs

1. protect and support body organs

2. assist muscular system with movement

3. forms blood cells in marrow

4. stores minerals like calcium in bones

muscular system parts

skeletal muscles

muscular system jobs

1. movement

2. posture

3. body language

nervous system parts

brain, nerves, spinal cord, support tissues

nervous system jobs

1. responds to changes internal or external by activating muscles or glands

endocrine system parts

thyroid gland, pineal glad, pituitary gland, thymus, adrenal gland, pancreas, ovaries/testes

endocrine system jobs

excretes hormones to regulate growth, reproduction, and nutrient use by the body cells

cardiovascular/circulatory system parts

heart, blood vessels

types of blood vessels

arteries (RBC), veins (WBC), capillaries (platelets)

cardiovascular/circulatory system jobs

1. transport blood

2. pump blood to move oxygen, waste, nutrients, etc.

lymphatic system parts

spleen, thymus, red bone marrow, lymph nodes, thoracic duct, lymphatic vessels, white blood cells (T and B cells)

lymphatic system jobs

1. returns filtered blood

2. disposes of waste and old red blood cells

respiratory system parts

nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, bronchus, trachea, lung

respiratory system jobs

1. breathing

2. communication

3. supply oxygen, remove carbon dioxide

digestive system parts

oral cavity, esophagus, liver, small intestine, large intestine, stomach, rectum, anus

digestive system jobs

1. mechanically and chemically breaks down food for absorption

2. elimination of indigestible food as feces

urinary system parts

kidney, ureter. urinary bladder, urethra

urinary system jobs

1. eliminates nitrogenous waste

2. regulates water, electrolytes, and pH of blood

3. excretes extra acid from blood

male reproductive system parts

prostate, penis, testes, scrotum, ductus defrens

male reproductive system jobs

1. creation of offspring

2. make and deliver sperm

female reproductive system parts

mammary glands, ovary, uterus, vagina, uterine tube

female reproductive system jobs

1. create offspring

2. produce eggs

3. develop organism "in utero"

4. provide nutrition for offspring postpartum