Chapter 7-Exchange and Transport

why do multicellular organisms need exchange surfaces

distance between organisms high metabolic rate low SAV ratio

what do good exchange surfaces have

large SA thin membrane good ventilation supply

what is the example for high surface area and why

root hair cells have millions of hairs

what is the example for thinness and why

alveoli have thin epithelium

what is the example for good ventilation and blood supply and why

alveoli are surrounded by capillaries and are constantly ventilated by lungs maintaining conc gradient

name all of the elements of the gas exchange system in insects

spiracles trachea tracheoles

describe the path of oxygen in the insect ventilation system

enters trachea through spiracles travels into the tracheoles after which it diffuses into muscle tissues

how can animals manually control oxygen intake

rhythmic muscle movement changes volume and forces oxygen in and out of the spiracles

what is the function of tracheal fluid

supplies respiring tissues with dissolved oxygen

describe the path of air in the human ventilation system

enters through trachea then through the bronchi bronchus and bronchioles to the alveoli

what is the function of goblet cells

secrete mucus to trap dust and bacteria

what is the function of cilia

brush mucus to the top of the trachea

what is the function of elastic fibres

help lungs recoil to their original shape

what is the function of smooth muscle

contract to constrict airways

what is the function of rings of cartilage

provide support to trachea and bronchi

which parts of the mammalian gas exchange system have cartilage

trachea and bronchi

which parts of the mammalian gas exchange system have smooth muscle

trachea bronchi and large bronchioles

which parts of the mammalian gas exchange system have elastic fibres

trachea bronchi bronchioles

which parts of the mammalian gas exchange system have goblet cells

trachea and bronchi

which parts of the mammalian gas exchange system have ciliated epithelium

trachea bronchi and large bronchioles

name the parts of the gills of a fish

gill filaments gill lamellae gill arch

how do gill lamellae and filaments help gas exchange

increase surface area

what system do fishes have to help gas exchange

countercurrent system

what is the countercurrent gas system

blood and water flow in opposite directions

explain how the countercurrent gas system helps with gas exchange

water always has a higher oxygen concentration than blood

how are fish gills ventilated

buccal cavity lowers water enters buccal cavity rises operculum opens forcing water over the gills

what happens during inspiration D R EM IM P

d contracts and flattens r move up and out em contracts im relaxes pressure decreases

what is used to measure ventilation in mammals

spirometer

what is tidal volume

volume of air in each breath

what is vital capacity

max vol of air that can be breathed in or out

what is oxygen uptake

the rate at which an organism uses up oxygen

how do spirometers work

a person breaths into a tube filled with soda lime moving the lid of an O2 chamber and creating a trace

what does soda lime do

absorb CO2