History - Enlightenment + French Revolution

Mary Wollenscraft

A Vindication of the Rights of Women

Enlightenment: French Salon

Increased literacy + the development of magazines

The Baroque Period

the stylistic period between approximately 1600 and 1750

Enlightened Rulers

Monarchs who allowed religious tolerance, freedom of speech and of the press, and the rights of private property. They nurtured the arts, sciences, and education. They also obeyed the laws and enforced them fairly for all subjects.

Frederick William I of Prussia

(r. 1713-1740) doubled the size of the Prussian army

Fredrick II of

King of Prussia. "Fredrick the Great" He subscribes to Enlightenment in that he limits torture, establishes a 1 year public education system and has a system of religious toleration. He wants to expand the size of Prussia so he takes territory from Austria-Hungary which ignites the French and Indian War

Maria Theresa of Austria

the only female ruler of the Habsburg dominions and the last of the House of Habsburg

Joseph II of Austria

The most radical royal reformer; son and successor of Maria Theresa; introduced legal reforms & freedom of press; supported freedom of worship; abolished serfdom and ordered that peasants be paid for their labor with cash

Catherine the Great of Russia

built a strong alliance with the nobility, considered equality for all

Society of France before the Revolution

1st estate - privileged, high ranking members of church 130 000
2nd estate - nobility, privileged 110 000
3rd estate - everyone else, unprivileged 25 000 000

Divine rights of kings

a common claim from the Middle Ages that the right to rule was given to a king by God

William Harvey

Described the circulation of blood to and from the heart

Robert Boyle

Father of modern chemistry

Margaret Cavendish

A woman scientist who was of noble birth and wrote "Observations upon Experimental philosophy"

Maria Winkelmann

The most famous of the female astronomers in Germany. Discovered a comet.

Francis Bacon

developed the scientific method

Descrates

I think therefore I am

Voltaire

Deism - religious philosophy based on reason and natural law

Diderot

Wrote the encyclopedia

Adam Smith

3 roles of government + laissez-faire economics

John Locke

English philosopher who argued that people have natural rights

Thomas Hobbes

Leviathan - self-preservation

Rousseau

social contract

Montesquieu

separation of powers

William Shakespeare

English dramatist and poet; considered one of the greatest writers in the English Language

The Old Regime

A combination of the absolute monarchy and feudalism in France; it included the three estates

What the king did

Controlled military, made all laws, controlled justice and appointed judge

Issac Newton

University law of gravity.