EXSS 181 Final Review 2

4 steps of PST program

1. Education and assessment: teach importance
2. Acquisition: create strategies for learning skills
3. Practice:
4. Evaluation: did it work?

Sport and Exercise Psychology

The scientific study of human behavior in sport and exercise, and the practical application of that knowledge

Overtraining

- Part of training cycle (overload) in which training is raised and then lowered to make the body more fit
- Short cycle of high levels of training that are near or at maximal capacity

Why are the phases of PST programs described as a circular process?

you always reassess at the end and try again

3 roles of sport psychologists

-Research (plan, design, implement, and evaluate research);
-Teaching (university courses);
-Consulting (help individuals and teams improve performance)

Staleness

- A state in which the athlete has difficulty maintaining standard training regimens and can no longer achieve previous performance results
- Physical and emotional lull
- Early sign of burnout

What is the ultimate goal of PST?

Self Regulation: the ability to work towards one's short and long term goals by effectively motion and managing one's thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.

2 major types of questions in the field?

-Understanding the effects of psychological factors on sport/physical activity behavior and performance
-Understanding the effects of participating in sport/physical activity on psychological development, health, and well-being

Burnout

- Multidimensional cognitive-affective syndrome characterized by dimensions of physical and emotional exhaustion, reduced sense of personal accomplishment, devaluation of sport context
- Largely conceptualized as a response to chronic negative stress

What are self-regulations 5 stages?

1. Problem Identification
2. Commitment
3. Execution
4. Environmental management
5. Generalization

What does B\= f(P,E) mean?

Behavior is a function of both the person and his/her environment
-Is dynamic; precise prediction difficult; need to understand both person and context

3 Characteristics/Dimensions of Burnout

- Physical and emotional exhaustion
- Reduced sense of personal accomplishment
- Devaluation of sport context

Who is at the highest risk of burnout?

- Perfectionism
- Type A
- High trait anxiety
- Low self-confidence
- Being overly other-oriented

Who are the main historical figures? What did they do?

--Norman Triplett: key figure in history of social, sport, and exercise psychology; studied social facilitation of bikers; tested whether bikers rode faster when in groups than alone
--Coleman Griffith: "Father of Modern Sport Psychology"; first research lab; 25 research articles

What are common problems in implementing PST programs?

1. Lack of conviction
2. Lack of time
3. Lack of sport knowledge (by consultant)
4. Lack of follow-up (athlete and consultant)

What are the differences between the 3 methods of arousal control?

1. Deep breathing: simple breathing out releases tension
2. PMR: contracting and relaxing releases tension
3. Autogenic training: producing sensations in your body releases tension

6 periods of sports psychology

--Early years(1895-1920): characterized by isolated studies
--Griffith Era(1921-1938): sport psychology labs and psychological testing took place; Coleman Griffith became the first American to specialize in the area; lab at University of Illinois
--Preparation for Future(1939-1965): characterized by the field's scientific development attributable to the educational efforts of Franklin Henry
--Establishment of Academic Branch(1966-1977): sport and exercise psychology became a valued component of the academic discipline of physical education
--Multidisciplinary Research(1978-2000): multidisciplinary science and practice, characterized by tremendous growth as the field became more accepted and respected by the public
--Contemporary(2000-present): distinguished by continued growth worldwide, considerable diverse research, and interest in application and consulting

Physical/Psychological Responses to Burnout

- Tension
- State anxiety
- Anger
- Depression
- Insomnia
- Negative self-talk

What is the advantage of the deep breathing technique?

It is easy and effective
- it is also very quick so you can use it during breaks

Identify and explain 3 ways of knowing. Advantages/disadvantages of each?

-Common sense (intuition, speculation); strength\= easy and quick; limitations\= not based on experience or data
-Practical experience (observations, case studies); strengths\= immediate, innovative; limitations\= fails to explain mechanisms, susceptible to bias
-Science (controlled, empirical investigations); strengths\= reliable, objective; limitations\= reductionistic, slow to evolve

Stress Model of Burnout

- Commitment & Entrapment Theory
- Participate because they "have to" not "want to" because of: social pressures; lack of attractive alternatives; large investments

What are two assumptions of PMR?

1. tension and relaxation cannot occur simultaneously
2. relaxation of muscles contributes to relaxation of the mind

4 steps of scientific method?

-Develop the problem (what is the purpose; independent/dependent variables)
-Formulate hypotheses (must be testable)
-Gather data
-Analyze and interpret results

Non-Stressed Model of Burnout

- Identity & Control Model
- Stress is a symptom of burnout NOT the driving force
- Burnout in young athletes is not about individual response to participation but about fundamental structure of sport

Socialization

- A continuous process whereby individuals learn skills, behaviors, attitudes, and values that cause or enable them to function in their group or culture

What are the sensations that we focus on in Autogenic training

1. Heaviness in extremities*
2. Warmth in extremities*
3. Regulation in HR
4. Regulation in breathing
5. Abdominal warmth
6. Cool forehead

Identify the IV and DV in the following statement: do 8 year old gymnasts learn new vaults faster if they are exposed to mastery versus coping models?

IV: Mastery vs. coping models
DV: speed of learning

What is biofeedback

It teaches control of physiological and autonomic responses to arousal (muscle activity, skin temp, brain waves, HR)

What is a theory?

a supposition or a system of ideas intended to explain something, especially one based on general principles independent of the thing to be explained

Socialization INTO Sport

- How do individuals become interested and involved in sport or physical activity?
- Influence of significant others + opportunity structure
- Family, friends, skill, etc.

List some of the common coping strategies of elite athletes.

1. Thought stopping
2. Narrowing focus
3. Rational thinking and self-talk
4. Positive focus
5. Social Support
6. PST
7. PST
8. Time management
9. Training hard and smart

What is personality?

That pattern of characteristics thoughts, feelings, and behaviors that distinguishes one person from another and that persists over time and situations

Socialization THROUGH Sport

- What do people learn or gain through participation in sport?
- Learned attributes, values, behaviors, and skills
- Team-work, sportsmanship, leadership, etc.

what are some common on site comping techniques?

1. smile in response to tension
2. enjoy situation
3. slow down
4. stay focused in the present
5. be prepared with a competition plan

Explain the difference b/t internal psychological core, typical responses, and role-related behavior in Hollander's model of personality

--Internal psychological core: basic level, values, interests, motives, etc.
--Typical responses: ways we learn to adjust to the environment, how we usually respond to the world around us
--Role-related behavior: most changeable aspect of personality; different situations elicit different behaviors

Socialization OUT OF Sport

- Why do people withdrawal from sport?
- Choose to focus on other activities, drop out of sport, barriers to participation
- Time commitment, disinterest, etc.

Socializing Agencies

- Institutions or other larger organizations in the culture - EX: school, media, political climate

Name the 5 big traits. What is the iceberg profile?

--Openness to experience
--Conscientiousness
--Extraversion/Introversion
--Agreeableness
--Neuroticism (emotionality)

--Iceberg profile\= a visual representation of desirable emotional health status characterized by low raw scores on the tension, depression, anger, fatigue, and confusion.

How can practice be used to train for competition?

Set up stressful situations in practice to develop these techniques.

Describe techniques which could increase athlete arousal?

1. increasing breathing rate
2. Act energized
3. Self talk: mood words and positive self-statements
4. Energizing music
5. Energizing imagery
6. Precompetitive workout

Describe the trait approach to personality. Why are traits a poor predictor of behavior on their own?

Traits are:
--Consistent\= therefore we expect behavior (and thoughts and emotions) to be similar from one situation to the next
--Generalizable\= therefore we expect people to behave similarly across contexts

--Traits are weak predictors of behavior on their own b/c predispositions do not mean an individual will act on them in every situation; sport may be a context in which traits are suppressed exaggerated; don't take into account the environment

Socializing Agents

- Individual people who personally interact with the role learner
- EX: parents, coaches, peers, teachers, other family

Define Imagery

creating or recreating an experience with the mind (visualization)

There are 2 theories that suggest that the situation influences personality development. Name them, and explain the basic premise of each.

--Behaviorism: people learn behaviors for specific situations via rewards and punishments
--Social Learning Theory: people learn behaviors for certain situations via observational learning/modeling

Role Learner

- Ascribed vs. Achieved
- Person characteristics
- Interact with socializing agents and agencies to impact the socialization process

Describe the Imagery Process

It involves recalling form memory pieces of information stored from experience and shaping these pieces into meaningful information

What does the interactionist approach to personality suggest about how personality develops?

--Person factors (traits) and situation factors interact to determine behavior
--B\=f(P,E)
--combo of trait and situation theories
--concept of state vs trait characteristics

3 Key Socialization Mechanisms

- Modeling
- Reinforcement
- Peer Education

Brustad (1993)

- Social agents and role learner attributes are related to socialization outcomes
- Parents more likely to encourage male children
- Parent's physical activity has no impact

Should personality testing be used in athlete selection processes? Why or why not?

Problems with using personality tests: not sufficient evidence of reliability and validity; social desirability can be learned; doesn't account for non-psychological factors
--not recommended

What are the components of imagery?

Recall and Construction

What are the 2 characteristics of skilled imagery?

1. Vividness: detail and clear
2. Controllability: making sure you don't go negative or irrelevant

Definition of motivation (2 parts)

the direction and intensity of effort
--direction\= approach/avoid or attraction
--intensity\=how much effort, persistence

Dorsch et al (2009)

- Are parents socialized through their children's sport participation?
- Parents are socialized by their children's sport participation

Explain the difference between internal and external perspectives in imagery.

Internal: you imagine form inside yourself
External: you imagine as an out of body experience

What is/are attributions? How do they relate to success and failure?

Interpretations or explanations individuals give for success or failure; they are why you think you were successful or unsuccessful

5 Core Principles of Coaching Behavior (Self-Esteem & Motivation)

- Winning \= maximum effort, improvement
- Liberal use of contingent positive reinforcement
- Establish norms that emphasize athletes' mutual obligations to help and support each other
- Involves athletes in decisions about team rules and compliance
- Self-monitor behavior and get feedback

Which senses should you use when you do imagery?

1. Visual
2. Auditory
3. Tactile
4. Olfactory

What are the 2 key assumptions of attribution theory (Weiner, 1979, 1985)?

--motivation is influenced by attributions
--Commonly cited reasons for perceived success and failure: personal ability, personal effort, opponent's ability/effort, luck, refs, weather

Affiliations in Youth Peer Relationships central to youth sport socialization

- Peer acceptance, popularity, and status
- Friendship
- Social support

Martens' Model of Sport Socialization process

memorize and be able to infer and provide recommendation within a case study format related to sports socialization outcomes

What are the 3 characteristics of attributions? Example of each?

--Stability:stable/unstable (stable\=your talent, unstable\=good luck)
--Locus of causality: internal/external (internal\= your tremendous effort, external\= easy competition)
--Locus of control: in one's control/ out of one's control (in\=strategy/plan, out\=opponent's lack of physical conditioning)

List some common uses of imagery.

1. improve concentration
2. Enhance motivation
3. Build Confidence
4. Control emotional response
5. Develop sport skills
6. acquire and practice strategy
7. cope with pain and injury
8. competition preparation
9. solve problems

What should be primary: physical practice or imagery?

Physical practice but advising imagery can enhance the effects of physical practice

What do the stability, causality, and controllability of attributions mean in terms of psychological outcomes when the athlete wins/succeeds? Loses/fails?

--Stable: greater expectation of the same outcome happening again
--Unstable: lower expectation of the same outcome happening again
--Internal: greater pride for success, or greater shame for failure
--External: lower pride for success, lower shame for failure
--In control: greater motivation
--out control: lower motivation

¨Imagine you are an adolescent athlete, and you find out that a number of your teammates are taking performance-enhancing drugs to try to improve their performance. Provide an example of your moral reasoning process in deciding whether or not to take the drugs that fits with each of the 5 stages of moral development.
¨Using the same scenario explained in the question above, explain how social learning theory processes could influence you to choose to take, and not take, the drugs. Explain how a structural development approach could be used to teach moral reasoning.

Why is imagery good if you are injured?

Imagery practice is better than no practice at all. It still keeps your head in the game.

Describe the self-serving bias and learned helplessness.

--Self-serving bias: making attributions that help you increase or maintain your self-esteem and confidence (for success\=internal and stable; for failure\=external and unstable)
--Learned helplessness: a psychological state where people have learned that failure is inevitable and out of their control (tend to attribute failure to uncontrollable, stable causes)

Camire et. al (2011)--Purpose?--Research or theory based?--Main points--What did their authors suggest after integrating their ideas or ideas of others?--Limitations/critiques?--Next study/practice implication?

--present some of the strategies these coaches implemented in their coaching practice to promote positive development along with examples of challenges they confronted.--research--facilitating positive youth development through sport is not easy or automatic; Coaches are in a preferred position to use the power of sport to positively influence the lives of their athletes in a lasting manner.--carefully develop your coaching philosophy; develop meaningful relationships with your athletes; intentionally plan developmental strategies in your coaching practice; make athletes practice life skills; teach how life skills transfer to non-sport settings

Psychoneuromuscular theory

vivdly imagined events innervate the muscles in somewhat the same way that physically practicing the movement does

What are the 2 assumptions of the Achievement goal theory?

--People are motivated to demonstrate competence
--Motivation is influenced by the personal meaning one assigns to perceived success and failure

According to revised frustration-aggression theory, what series of events could lead someone to decide to perform an aggressive act in sport?

Frustration (failure, goal blockage)--\> increased arousal (pain,anger)--\> socially learned cues signal appropriateness of aggression--\> aggression

Hostile aggression

intent to harm, goal to harm, anger

Define the task and ego achievement perspectives. What are the key differences b/t these perspectives?

--Task(mastery): possible for all participants to be successful; success more in participant's control; relative to your own past performance (personal best time/performance, learning or improve)
--Ego(outcome): a limited number of people can be successful; success less in participant's hand; relative to other people (winning, beating a rival)

Symbolic learning theory

When an individual creates a motor program in the CNS by visualizing, a mental blue print is formed that will allow for successful execution of the movement.

Triple Code Model

the meaning of the image to the individual must also be incorporated into the imagery model

What are the 4 possible combinations of goal orientations?

--High task, low ego

--High task, high ego

--Low task, low ego

--Low task, high ego

instrumental aggression

intent to harm, goal to win, no anger

Bioinformational feedback

Imagery consists of two main parts..
1. stimulus proposition: describing a sensory scenario to be imagined
2. response proposition: describing reactions (racing heart) to those stimuli

What are the common motivated/behavioral outcomes of task and ego involvement?

--Task: choose learning opportunities at risk of displaying mistakes; high effort; persist in face of failure; continue to problem solve when encountering failure
--Ego: avoid learning opportunities that have risk of displaying error; put in just enough effort to socially compare well, or disguise poor ability; give up in face of failure

assertive behavior

no intent to harm, legitimate force, unusual effort and energy expenditure

The Four Imagery Theories

Psychoneuromuscular theory, Triple Code Model, Bioinformational Feedback, Symbolic Learning Theory

What are the 3 predictors of goal involvement (state) from achievement goal theory? Which one might be the most easily influenced by a practitioner?

--Goal orientation(dispositional): how does the individual typically define success/failure? (task/ego)
--concept of ability: undifferentiated/differentiated
--Motivational climate: mastery,performance

4 key characteristics of an aggressive act

1. Behavior2. Involves harm/injury3. Directed toward another living organism4. Involves intent--can be physical, verbal, or social

Seefeldt's (1987) model of moral development

--Level 1: external control (it's ok as long as I don't get caught)--Level 2: an eye-for-an-eye (it's ok to retaliate)--Level 3: Altruistic view (treat others as you want to be treated)--Level 4: following external rules (it's ok if it isn't against rules)--Level 5: what is best for all involved (considering others' welfare)

What are the 2 conceptions of ability and what outcomes might they influence?

--Undifferentiated concept of ability: an inability or a choice not to differentiate b/t ability and effort (working hard\=ability)
--Differentiated concept of ability: a person is able to, and choose to, differentiate b/t ability and effort

What is self-confidence

The belief that you can successfully perform a desired behavior
- a pretty stable trait

What is the benefit of self-confidence for athletes?

arouses positive emotions
facilitates concentration
affects goals
increases effort
affects game strategies
affects psychological momentum
affect performance

What are the 2 types of motivational climate? What individuals in the achievement goal environment may influence these goals?

--Mastery: emphasis on learning, effort, individual improvement, and cooperation tend to evoke task involvement
--Performance: emphasis on competition, winning, and social comparison tend to evoke ego involvement

What are the 2 major components of fair play?

Adhering to both formal and unwritten rules that allow all contestants an equitable chance to pursue victory

What are 5 misconceptions of confidence?

1. either you have it or you don't
2. Only positive feedback can build confidence
3. Success always builds confidence
4. Confidence equals outspoken arrogance
5. mistales inevitably destroy confidence

What is the TARGET acronym and how might it be used to influence motivational climate?

Task, Authority, Recognition(reward), grouping, evaluation, timing

--conditions to promote mastery climate

moral behavior

the execution of an act that is deemed right or wrong

Describe the sport confidence model. What are its four levels?

1. Factors influencing sport confidence: Personality, Organizational culture
2. Sources of Sport Confidence: achievement, self-regulation, social climate
3. Constructs of sports confidence: decision making, skills, resiliency
4. Consequences of Sport Confidence: affect, behavior, cognition

Define and explain the differences b/t intrinsic and extrinsic motivation.

--Intrinsic: behaviors demonstrated voluntarily, in the absence of constraints imposed by others; performing an activity for its own sake
--Extrinsic: behaviors displayed for the purpose of achieving some end and not for its own sake

Moral reasoning

the decision process where the rightness or wrongness of a course of action is determined

Guided by this model, how would you enhance the confidence of a young athlete who has been performing well in practice but not in games? Where would you intervene?

2) Sources of Sport Confidence
(social climate, achievements)

Be able to describe the motivational continuum and each type of motivation on it.

--Amotivation: see no link b/t actions and outcomes
--External regulation: performing an activity to receive a reward or avoid a punishment
--Introjected regulation: performing a behavior to avoid guilt and anxiety (sources are internalized)
--Identified regulation: performing the behavior to achieve some valued, extrinsic outcome
--Integrated regulation: performing a behavior b/c it is part of your sense of self
--Intrinsic motivation: performing an activity for its own sake (gain knowledge, master task, experience pleasure)

Moral development

the process of experience and growth through which a person develops the capacity to morally reason

what is the definition of positive youth development (PYD)

Positive youth development (PYD) is an approach to working with youth that emphasizes building on youths' strengths and providing supports and opportunities that will help them achieve goals and transition to adulthood in a productive, healthy manner. PYD is not a specific curriculum but a model that can be used to enhance any youth-serving program. At its core, PYD focuses on cultivating qualities that help adolescents thrive through relationships and environments that provide supportive connections and help to develop needed skill