biology midterm notes

covers ecology, organic chemistry, and the entirety of what was learned in the first half of freshman bio

abiotic

non-living factors in the enviorment

biotic

living factors in the enviorment

organism

any plant or animal

ecology

the study of the interaction between organisms and the environment

population

a group of interbreeding organisms living in the same area (all of the deer in the forest)

ecosystem

all the organisms living in the same area AND their nonliving environment

evaporation

the process in which water droplets turn into water vapor

condensation

the process in which water vapor turns back into water droplets

decomposer

An organism that gets its energy from breaking down dead organisms (Bacteria and Fungi)

Symbiotic relationship

Is a close interaction between species in which one of the species live in or on the other

parasitism

a relationship in which one organism, the parasite obtains its food at the expense of another organism, the host.

mutualism

a relationship where both organisms benefit

commensalism

a relationship in which one organism benefits, while the other organism is neither harmed nor helped

Primary consumer

First order consumers (herbivores)

Secondary consumer

Second order consumer (herbivore or omnivore)

Tertiary consumer

Third order consumer (carnivore)

Carnivore

Only eats meat to get energy

Herbivore

Only eats plants to get energy

Omnivore

Eats both plants and animals to get energy

Trophic level one has the __________ organims

most

Trophic level 4 has the ______ amount of organisms

least

The primary source of energy is the ________

sun

Autotroph

An organism that makes its own food

Heterotroph

An organism that cannot make its own food.

nitrogen cycle

The transfer of nitrogen from the atmosphere to the soil, to living organisms, and back to the atmosphere

water cycle

The continual movement of water among Earth's atmosphere, oceans, and land surface through evaporation, condensation, and precipitation

carbon cycle

The organic circulation of carbon from the atmosphere into organisms and back again

Biosphere

part of Earth in which life exists including land, water, and air or atmosphere

Biodiversity

the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem.

carrying capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that a environment can support

food chain

outlines who eats whom

food web

all of the food chains in an ecosystem

the seven characteristics of life are:

1.Made up of cells/based on a universal genetic code
2. Reproduction
3. Growth and Development
4. Need for Materials and Energy = metabolism
5. Response to the enviorment
6. Homeostasis - stabilization of internal conditions despire changing external factors
7. Evolution

homeostasis

the state of steady internal, physical, and chemical conditions maintained by living systems

eukaryote

multi-celled organisms

prokaryote

single celled organisms

biomass

the amount of organic matter in each trophic level

biome

groups of ecosystems with specific temperature ranges, soil types, food webs, etc.

community

several interacting populations that live interdepently with eachother

organ system

organs joined as a unit to perform a function

tissue

group of specialized cells that perform a similar function

organelle

a specialized part within a cell

molecule

a group of atoms that are chemically bonded together

atom

the building blocks of a matter

electron

very light, possesses a negative charge, in constant motion around the nucleus

chemical element

A chemical element is a species of atoms that have a given number of protons in their nuclei that cannot be broken down into a smaller form

adhesion

A chemical element is a species of atoms that have a given number of protons in their nuclei, including the pure substance consisting only of that species.

nucleus

a dense organelle present in most eukaryotic cells, typically a single rounded structure bounded by a double membrane, containing the genetic material.

ionic

(of a chemical bond) formed by the electrostatic attraction of oppositely charged ions

solute

the minor component in a solution, dissolved in the solvent

solvent

the major component in a solution that the solute is transfered in

covalent bonds

relating to or denoting chemical bonds formed by the sharing of electrons between atoms.

protons

more massive than the electrons, has a positive charge, located in nucleus

hydrogen

Hydrogen is the chemical element with the symbol H and atomic number.

solution

a mixture comprised of two or more substances

Earth's age:

4.6 billion years

What is the increase in air temperature since 1850?

0.76°C, current rate of 0.13°C per decade

September Arctic sea ice extent is declining at a rate of:

11.3%

What is albedo?

Albedo is a measurement of how reflective a surface is.

The water that makes up the world's largest rivers come from:

temperate glaciers

chemical formula for glucose

C₆H₁₂O₆

chemical process for photosynthesis

6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2

chemical process for cellular respiration

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2O (glucose + oxygen = carbon-dioxide + water)

neutrons

about same mass as protons, has no charge, located in nucleus

chemical bonds

hold together compounds

ionic bonds

electrons transferred between atoms that occur between positive and negative particles called ions

covalent electrons

shared among atoms called molecules

smallest unit of chemical compounds

molecules

sharing of electrons are not always equal, uneven sharing results in:

polar molecules

The 4 biomacromolecules

Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates, and nucleic acid

In what way are lipids and carbohydrates similar?

They are both made out of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen

What compound/biomacromolecule makes sterioids

Lipids

independant variable

stands alone and isn’t changed by other variable factors

dependant variable

depends on other factors

what are the three processes that glucose completes in cellular respiration

glycolisis, krebs cycle, ellectron transport chain

ATP

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is the source of energy for use and storage at the cellular level.

the two major types of transport

passive transport and active transport

what do you call the positively charged part of the atom

protons

true or false: atoms and cells have nuclei

true

passive transport

the movement of materials across the cell membrane without using cellular energy

active transport

movement of a solute from a region of low electrochemical potential to a region of high electrochemical potential - REQUIRES ENERGY

examples of active transport

exocytosis, endocytosis, molecular transport

exocytosis

the process by which cells move materials from within the cell into the extracellular fluid

endocytosis

process by which cells absorb external material by engulfing it with the cell membrane

examples of passive transport

simple diffusion, osmosis, faciliated diffusion

osmosis

the process in which molecule that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels

facilitated diffusion

the process in which molecule that cannot directly diffuse across the membrane pass through special protein channels

simple diffusion

the process by which particles move from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

hypotonic solution

(cell: 90% H2O, 10% Salt - outside: 85% H2O, 15% Salt) Water moves out the cell

hypertonic solution

(cell: 90% H2O, 10% Salt - outside: 95% H2O, 5% Salt)

Water moves into the cell

isotonic solution

(cell: 90% H2O, 10% salt - outside: 90% H2O, 10% Salt)

Water stays in cell through dynamic equilibrium - molecules go in and out of the cell but it doesn’’t change the makeup much

osmosis

osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules

turgor pressure

water pushing against a membrane

plasmolysis

lots of plasma, organelle bursts/explodes

cytolysis

whole cell explodes/bursts

vacuole

a space or __vesicle__ within the __cytoplasm__ of a cell, enclosed by a membrane and typically containing fluid

organelle

an organelle is a subcellular structure that has one or more specific jobs to perform in the cell

the type of solution that causes an animal cell to burst/lyse

hypotonic

solution that causes a plant cell to become wilted

hypertonic

when a solute concentration is lower outside the cell than inside

isotonic