CHAD FINALS

Prenatal Stage

When the embryo develops during pregnancy

(conception until birth)

Time of Prenatal Stage

Infancy

Period where Infant dependent on adults

(birth to 2 weeks)

time of Infancy

Babyhood

* The true foundation age
* Rapid growth and change and decrease of dependency, increased individuality, 
* The beginning of socialization

(2 weeks to 2 years)

Time of Babyhood

Early childhood

* Helplessness and dependency is replaced by growing independence


* Aware of some simple concepts of social and physical realities

(2 years to 6 years)

ime of Early childhood

Middle Childhood

* Children become increasingly independent from parents
* Cognitive skills develop
* Develop understanding of what is right and wrong

(6 years to 10-12 years)

Time of Middle Childhood

Puberty

* Child’s body mature into an adult body capable of sexual reproduction to enable fertilization

Adolescence

* Dominated by seeking independence from parents
* Developing one’s own identity
* Thoughts are more logical, complex and idealistic

(12 to 20 years)

Time for Adolescence

Young adulthood

* Establishing personal and financial independence
* Establishing and consolidating career
* Also the time in selecting a partner
* Develop intimate relationship and begin a family

(20 to 40 years)

Time for Young adulthood

Middle adulthood

Period of expanding social and personal involvements and responsibilities

(40 to 65 years)

Time for Middle adulthood

Late Adulthood

Period of considerable adjustment to changes in one;s life and self-perceptions

(65 years and older)

Time for Late Adulthood

Physical-motor development

Something to do with movements

Physical development

This depends on growth of the body and nervous system

 Cognitive Development

Curiosity, ability to perceive and think

Language Development

* Children’s utterances, pronunciation …
* This includes receptive and verbal language

Social Development

The ability to interact with people in an effective way, responsive and appropriate way

Emotional Development

The ability to express and control feelings, form relationships …

Moral Development

It focuses on the emergence, change, and understanding of what is right and wrong. 

Developmental Tasks

One that arises at a certain period in life, the successful achievement of which leads to happiness and success with later tasks

Havighurst

Who defined Developmental Tasks?

Tasks that arise from Physical Maturation

Learning to walk, talk and behave

**Tasks that arise from personal sources**

Emerge from the maturing personality and take the form of personal values and aspirations

**Task that have their source in the pressure of society**

Learning to read or learning the role of a responsible citizen

Human Development

This started from the union of two kinds of sex cells or gametes.

Sperm cell and Egg cell

Two kinds of cells or gametes

Sperm cell and Egg cell

These two contain chemically genetic messages that when combined serves as the blueprint of human life

Zygote

It is formed by the union of the sperm cell and the egg cell.

Zygote

It has 23 pairs of chromosomes that are contributed equally by the mother and father.

Chromosomes

These are composed of long threadlike molecules known as deoxyribonucleic acid or DNA.

DNA or Deoxyribonucleic Acid

This contains the genes which is the basic unit of hereditary

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

DNA stands for?

Human Traits

These are combined expressions of the many different genes contributed by the parents.

Polygenetic traits

The interplay of multiple genes

Recessive genes

They are genes that are masked in expressing traits

Dominant genes

They are genes that prevent the expression of the recessive genes

Genetic Disorders

They are diseases or conditions that are caused by abnormalities in genes or chromosomes.

**Congenital diabetes**

* Recessive gene

**Muscular dystrophy**

* Recessive gene

**Sickle-cell anemia**

* Recessive gene

**Hemophilia**

* Recessive gene

**Huntington’s disease**

* Dominant gene

Examples of Genetic Disorders

Down Syndrome

This is the most common genetic abnormality during prenatal development which is caused by an extra chromosome on the 21st pair.

Trisomy 21

What is the other term for down syndrome

Inherited Disease

Illnesses that are inherited if one or both parents carry a gene for the disease

Inherited Disease

An example of this disease are Sickle-cell anemia, cystic fibrosis, and tay-sachs disease

Sex-Chromosomal Abnormalities

Genetic problems in sex chromosomes

* Klinefelter’s syndrome (an extra chromosome)
* Turner Syndrome (Single X-chromosome)

What are the two genetic problems in sex chromosomes?

Klinefelter’s Syndrome

Results when a boy is born with an extra copy of the X chromosomes

47 XXY or XXY

Klinefelter’s Syndrome is also called?

Turner’s Syndrome

Females who are missing one of their X chromosomes

Identical Twins or Monozygotic

Fraternal Twins or Dizygotic

What are the two types of MULTIPLE BIRTHS?

Identical Twins or Monozygotic

* When a single egg fertilized by a single sperm splits into two identical halves
* Same placenta and separate amniotic sacs
* 1 egg and 1 sperm

Monozygotic

Other term for identical twins

**Fraternal Twins or Dizygotic**

* Occurs when two separate eggs are fertilized by two separate sperm
* Separate placentas
* 2 eggs and 2 sperm

Dizygotic

other term for Fraternal Twins

(1) Germinal Stage

(2) Embryonic Period

(3) Fetal Period

What are the three stages of Prenatal Period?

Germinal Stage

* The first two weeks after conception
* It starts with conception. 
* Sperm and egg unite - zygote moves toward uterus - conception - zygote down the fallopian tube to uterus - process of cell division and growth

Cell Division

This begins approximately 24 to 36 hours after conception

**Cell Division**

It continues at a rapid rate and the cells develop into what is known as blastocyst

Endoderm

Mesoderm

Ectoderm

What are the Blastocyst three layers?

Endoderm

inner layer (digestive and respiratory systems)

Mesoderm

middle layer (muscle and skeletal systems)

Ectoderm

outer layer (skin and nervous systems)

Implantation

* This happens when the blastocyst arrive at the uterus and attached to the uterine wall
* This occurs when the cells nestle into the uterine lining and rupture tiny blood vessels.

Embryonic Period

The third through the eight week

Embryo

Mass of cells

**Third week** after conception of Embryonic Period

Time when the mass of cells becomes a distinct human being

Forth week of Embryonic Period

* Head, eyes, nose, ears, and mouth forms.
* **Cardiovascular system**

Cardiovascular system

it is where the earliest activity begins as the blood vessel that will become the heart that starts to pulse.

Fifth week of Embryonic Period

Arms and legs

Eight week

* The embryo has all of the basic organs and parts except those of the sex organs
* The embryo weighs one gram and is one inch in length

 Fetal Period

* From ninth week until birth
* The **embryo** becomes a **fetus**
* Systems and structures established in the embryonic stage continues to develop

Neural tubes

This develops into the brain and spinal cord and neurons form.

Third month of Gestation (Fetal Period)

* Sex organs began to differentiate
* End of the month, all parts of the body is formed

End of Third month (Fetal Period)

Makes the end of the first trimester of pregnancy

Second trimester (Fetal Period)

* Months four and six
* The **heartbeat** grows stronger and other body systems become further developed.
* **Brain and central nervous system** becomes responsive
* **28 weeks** - brains start to mature much faster with activity that greatly resembles that of a sleeping newborn.

Seventh month until birth

* Fetus continues to develop
* **Lungs** begin to expand and contract, preparing the muscles for **breathing**

Teratogen

These are substances or diseases that can cause birth defect

Rubella or German Measles

* Analgesic (Drug)
* Radiation

Syphilis

* Aspirin (drug)
* Carbon monoxide

Chicken pox

* Alcohol (drug/substance)
* Mercury

Mother’s age

* Caffeine (drug/substance)
* Lead

Nutrition

Cocaine (drug/substance)

Maternal Drug Use

The use of substances by the mother can have devastating consequences to the fetus

Smoking

* It is linked to low birth weight 
* Weakened immune system, poor respiration, and neurological impairment

Alcohol

* Fetal alcohol syndrome
* Linked to heart defects, body malfunctions, and mental retardation

Cocaine and Methamphetamine

Also linked to low birth weight and neurological impairment

Maternal Disease

Examples include Herpes, Rubella, and AIDS

Herpes Virus

This is one of the most common maternal diseases and can be transmitted in the fetus, leading to deafness, brain swelling, or mental retardation.

Herpes Virus

Encouraged to deliver via cesarean to avoid transmission of the virus

Natural Childbirth or Vaginal Delivery

* It is the process of giving birth without routine medical interventions, particularly anesthesia. 
* This is the most common and safest type of childbirth

Vaginal Delivery

Other term for Natural Childbirth

Lamaze Method

* This is a method of childbirth in which the expectant mother is prepared psychologically and physically to give birth without the use of pain-relieving drugs.
* Physical exercises are given

Water Birth

* This is a childbirth that occurs in a tub of warm water.
* This results in a more relaxed and less painful experience of giving birth. 

Breech Birth

This is a process where the buttocks appear first, followed by the legs and finally the head

Transverse Birth

This is a method of birth where the fetus is positioned crosswise in the mother’s uterus.