nuclear chemistry

What is a nucleon?

Protons and neutrons to form the nucleus of an atom

Gives the atom its mass

Where are the Noble gasses found?

Group 18

Are the noble gasses stable or unstable?

Stable

What are the feature of the noble gasses?

Conduct electricity

Fluoresce

Odourless

Colourless

How does an atom stay together?

• strong nuclear force is stronger, than the electrostatic repulsion

• Opposites tract

Where are the halogens found?

Group 17

Where did the name halogen originate?

Greek wording

Hal- salt

Gen- producing

What is formed when halogens mix with metals?

Salt

Where are alkalis found?

Group 1

What are features of allkali?

Firm alkali solutions with water

Highly reactive

What is an isotope?

Atoms with the same number of proteins but different number of neutrons

Same atomic number but different atomic mass

How many carbon isotopes are there?

15 known

C^11- C²2

How many proteins are in the nucleus of a carbon isotope?

6

What are the most stable carbon isotopes?

C^12

C^13

C^14

How many naturally occurring hydrogen isotopes are there?

3

What are the hydrogen isotopes and what ones are stable?

Hydrogen and deutrium- stable

Tritium- unstable

How many isotopes of Sulpher are there?

23

C^ 27- C^ 49

What is the atomic number pf Sulpher isotopes?

16

How many Sulpher isotopes are stable?

What ones?

4

S^ 32. S^ 33 S^ 34 S^ 36

What is nuclear decay?

• Electrostatic repulsive forces make atomic nuclei’s less stable

• Parts of the nuclei are then ejected

What is nuclear instability?

• Radiation emitted when nuclei decay

• Isotopes that decay are radio isotopes

• They have different patterns of nuclear decay

What is half life?

Short half life = ?

• rate of decay depends on the identity of the isotope

• Half-life= time needed for half the initial number of nuclei to decay ( t ½ )

• Short half life = less stable

What happens during nuclear decay?

• loss of nuclear material (protons or neutrons)

• Neutrons- isotopes

• Proton loss- transmutation to a diffract element

What is alpha radiation?

Atomt that undergoes radioactive decay

What is an alpha particle made of?

2 protons

2 neutrons

What happens to the atomic mass with atomic radiation?

-4

What happens to the atomic number with alpha radiation?

-2

What are the effects of alpha radiation?

• alpha particles interact with matter

• If ingested can cause cell damage

What deflects alpha radiation?

• strong electric and magnetic fields

• Layer of dead skill cells

What is polonium?

Alpha radiation poisoning

Who was the first polonium victim?

Alexander litvineko

Where does alpha emitters occur?

Very heavy elements

It’s rare and needs a lot of energy

Hat emits alpha particles?

Radon-222 gas (environment)

Uranium-234 (environment)

Polonium-210 (tobacco)

Common alpha particle uses?

Spoke detectors

What is beta radiation?

Atom undergoes radioactive decay giving off an electron

Whet does beta radiation occur?

In isotopes that are neutron rich

What does beta radiation cause in the nucleus?

Neutron splits into a proton and electron

• proton remains

• Electron is ejected

What happens to the atomic mass with beta radiation?

Stays the same

What happens to the atomic number with beta radiation?

+1

How far can beta radiation occur?

Up to 2 metres

What defelects beta radiation?

Electric and strong magnetic fields

• at low energy skin or paper

Effects of beta radiation on the body?

• not as hazardous as alpha

• Can travel further and interact with more tissue

What emmits beta particles?

• tritium (hydrogen-3) in the environment

• Carbon (14) in the environment

• Phosphorus (32) used in research and medicine

Uses of beta- particle emitters?

Carbon dating

Cancer research

Industry

What is gamma radiation?

Short wavelength of electromagnetic radiation

• stream of high energy protons

• A result of alpha or beta radiation turning from ground to exited state

Effects of gamma radiation?

• biologically hazardous

• Damage internal organs

Does skin and electricity have an effect on gamma radiation?

No

What emmits gamma radiation?

Cesium (137)

Technetium (99) in medicine

Iodine (131) used in medicine c

Common gamma radiation uses ?

Determine density of soil

Disease diagnosis

Cancer treatment