Chemistry of Life pt. 2

Macromolecules

Carbohydrates

energy and strucutre

simple sugars or complex molecules including sugars (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

Hydrogen and oxygen 2:1 ratio

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides.

Monosaccharide/monomer of carbohydrates

Simple sugar

glucose (C₆H₁₂O₆) - produced in photosynthesis, broken down in cellular respiration for energy for cells *

5 carbon monosaccahrides used in genetic molecules & high energy molecules like ATP

used for short term energy

rings/cyclics

“watered carbon”

Disaccharides/two monomers of carbohydrates

sucrose, maltose, lactose

glycosidic linkage

Polysaccharides/polymers of carboyhydrates

Cellulose, starch

less sweet

long strands of glucose linked by glycosidic bonds, used for storage or structural support in plants and animals.

Cellulose (p) Chitin (a)

cellulose - support of cell wall

chitin -cell walls of fungi, exoskeleton for insects

need rummen to digest

hard bonds to break

Starch (p) Glycogen (a)

Starch - Energy storage for plants

Glycogen - energy storage for animals (muscle and liver)

easily broken bonds

Lipids

long term energy

hydrophobic/non-polar, insoluble because of hydrocarbon tail

no polymers

Fats, phospholipids, steroids, oils, wax

Fats

glycerol (alcohol w/ 3 carbons) + three fatty acids (long)

saturated and unsaturated vary in number and location of double bonds (hydrogden number)

essential fatty acids must be obtained through diet

saturated vs unsaturated

saturated (BAD) - animals, no double bonds, solid at room temp.

unsaturated (good!) - plants/fish, double bonds (cis or trans), liquid at room temp.

triglyciderides

fats, oils, wax

ester linkage - dehydration synthesis to bond glycerol & 3 fatty acids

phospholipid

modified triglyceride

amphiphatic - polar head and non polar tail

major component of cell membranes

steroids

four carbon rings

cholesterol - needed in cell membrane

low density bad, high density good

makes cell membrane less fluid

Proteins

Most complicated

20 amino acids

50% of material in cells

amino acids

amino group, carboxyl, hydrogen, R group. Held by peptide bonds

forms polypeptide chains

give proteins shape and structure

all are polar

amino to left side, will be positive

carbonyl to right side, will be negative

R group determines the charge

disulfite bridges

between 2 sulfate group

structures

primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary

structure determines the function

primary

order of amino acids that make up the protein

secondary

alpha helix or beta sheet

results from hydrogen bonds on polypeptide backbone (NCC Backbone)

teritary

interaction of R groups

nonpolar or polar

charged R groups have ionic bonds

Quaternary

more than one polypeptide

ionic and covalent

Nucleic Acids

DNA and RNA

DNA had one less oxygen - deoxyribose

RNA is ribose

DNA

genetic info to build proteins

four nitrogenous bases (adenine, cytosine, thymine, guanine) held by hydrogen bonds

five carbon sugar/pentose + phosphate group + nitrogenous base

sugar phosphate backbone, double helix

AGCT

A and G are purines, two rings

C and T are pyrimidines, one ring

RNA

One strand

uracil instead of thymine

mRNA, tRNA, rRNA

used in protein synthesis

speed up chemical reactions

pH acids and bases

pH of four is ten times more than 5.

pH of five is ten times less than four