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log rolling
Mutual aid among politicians, whereby one legislator supports another's pet
project in return for the latter's support
interest-group politics
Political activity in which benefits are conferred on a distinct group and costs on another distinct group
the Grange
An organization of farmers especially outspoken in its criticism of large
corporations
Gerald Ford
Individual who noted the government big enough to give you everything you want is also big enough to take away everything you have
Do Not Call Law
Example of legislation pioneered in the states and replicated by the federal
government
cost argument
A situation in which people are more sensitive to what they might lose than to what they might gain
cost
The perceived burden to be borne if a policy is adopted
client politics
Political activity in which one group benefits at the expense of many other people
boycott
A concerted effort to get people to stop buying from a company in order to
punish and to coerce a policy change
benefit
Any satisfaction that people believe they will derive if a policy is adopted
agenda setting
Deciding what belongs on the political agenda
relative deprivation
A sense of being worse off than one thinks one ought to be
Superfund
Intended to force industries to clean up their own toxic wastes, but a good
illustration of entrepreneurial politics
Sherman Antitrust Act
A law passed in 1890 making monopolies illegal
secondary boycott
A boycott by workers of a company other than the one against which the strike is directed
Teddy Roosevelt
Individual who persuaded Congress to fund five full time lawyers to prosecute antitrust violations
deregulation
the reduction or elimination of government power in a particular industry, usually enacted to create more competition within the industry.
professionalization of reform
A situation in which government bureaucracy thinks up problems for government to solve
process regulation
Rules regulating manufacturing or industrial processes, usually aimed at improving consumer or worker safety and reducing environmental damage
pork-barrel projects
Legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in the hope of winning their votes
political agenda
A set of issues thought by the public or those in power to merit action by government
policy entrepreneurs
People in and out of government who find ways of creating a legislative majority on behalf of interests not well- represented in government
majoritarian politics
Political activity in which both benefits and costs are widely distributed
AFDC
Former federally funded program that made payments to poor families with
children
almshouses
Pre-1935 state-run or locally run homes for the poor
assistance programs
A program financed by income taxes that provides benefits to poor citizens without requiring contributions from them
charitable choice
Refers to religious non-profit organizations that compete for government grants to administer federal welfare-to-work related policies
client politics
Policy-making in which relatively few people benefit but everybody pays
End Poverty in Cal. Plan
A feature of Upton Sinclair's gubernatorial platform
food stamps
Vouchers given to the poor to buy food at grocery stores
income strategy
An approach to welfare in which poor people are given money
indexing
The mechanism by which payments rise automatically when costs do
insurance program
A self-financing program based on contributions that provides benefits to unemployed or retired persons
majoritarian politics
Policy-making in which almost everybody benefits and almost everybody pays
means test
A proviso that only those below a specified poverty level qualify for a program
Medicaid
Federally funded program that provides healthcare for the poor
Medicare
Legislation enacted in 1965 providing medical insurance for the elderly
Medicare Catastrophic Coverage Act
Legislation adopted in 1988 to protect the elderly against the costs of long-term medical care; later repealed
mother's pension
Pre-1935 state programs to aid widows with children
Charles Murray
Claimed high welfare benefits made it more attractive for some to go on welfare than to look for a job
OASDI
Also known as Social Security
service strategy
An approach to welfare that aims to give poor people job training or
government jobs rather than money
Share Our Wealth Plan
Huey Long's proposal to redistribute income in the United States
Social Security Act
First U.S. legislation, in 1935, providing for an income transfer program
SSI
Cash payments to poor people who are aged, blind, or disabled
TANF
Financial assistance to the poor that replaced the AFDC program
Townsend Plan
Pre-Social Security proposal that was popular because it aimed to provide financial support to elderly people
UI
Benefits paid weekly to laid-off workers unable to find jobs
acid rain
Precipitation that may be caused by the burning of high-sulfur coal
bank (or pollution allowance)
An EPA incentive that allows a company to apply credits for low-polluting emissions to future plant expansions, or to sell the credits
bubble standard
An EPA incentive that allows a company to decide how best to reduce air pollution from a given factory
catalytic converter
The device used in automobile engines to remove emission pollutants
Clean Air Act of 1970
Landmark environmental legislation that established national air-quality standards with specified deadlines
Clean Air Act of 1990
A law that includes the compromise reached by Congress on acid rain
clear-cutting
A logging method in which all trees in an area are removed
client politics
The type of politics best illustrated by the continued use of agricultural
pesticides
command-and-control strategy
The setting of pollution standards and rules in order to improve air and water quality
DDT
A pesticide banned by the EPA in 1972
Earth Day
A national event held on April 22, 1970, celebrating the new environmental
movement
entrepreneurial politics
The type of politics best illustrated by controversies over factory pollution
environmental impact statement
A document required before any federal agency undertakes an activity that "significantly" affects the environment
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
The government agency established in 1970 to implement environmental legislation
interest-group politics
The type of politics best illustrated by the acid rain controversy
Kyoto Protocol
Called for a 5 percent reduction world-wide in greenhouse gases
majoritarian politics
The type of politics best illustrated by auto emission control rules
National Environmental Policy Act
A law passed in 1969 that included a provision requiring environmental impact statements
offset
The EPA incentive that allows a company higher pollution at one plant in
exchange for lower pollution at another
scrubber
A device designed to remove sulfurous pollutants from smoke as it comes out
of coal-burning plants
sulfur dioxide
A major cause of acid rain
Superfund
Gave the government power to sue any person or company that dumped waste
Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970
A law enacted in 1970 that made oil companies responsible for cleanup costs of oil spills
closed shop
A business that will not employ non-union worker
earned income tax credit
A provision of the 1975 tax law that entitles working families with children to receive money if their incomes fall below a certain level
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