Biology Quiz - Homeostasis and Water Properties

Homeostasis

The stable state of an ecosystem; all populations are balanced

What disrupts homeostasis?

Abiotic and Biotic Factors

Abiotic Factor

Non living aspects of an ecosystem that influence the populations present

Biotic Factor

Living aspects of an ecosystem that influence the other populations present

Producer (Autotroph)

An organism that performs photosynthesis with sunlight, water, and CO2 to produce their own food in the form of glucose (ex: corn).

Consumer (heterotroph)

An organism that consumes other organisms for energy

Primary Consumer

A herbivore, an organism that eats producers

Secondary Consumer

A carnivore, an organism that eats primary consumers

Tertiary Consumer

A carnivore, an organism that eats secondary consumers

Apex Predator

A carnivore, top of the food chain with no predators

Factors of a stable ecosystem

Stable population size, nutrient cycles, energy flow, biodiversity

Energy flow

The flow of energy from trophic level to trophic level (10% rule)

Biodiversity

Variety of species in an ecosystem

Kelp

Producer

Sea urchins

Primary consumer

Sea otters

Secondary consumer

Orcas

Tertiary consumer (apex predator)

Kelp Increase

Urchin increase, otter increase, orca increase

Urchin increase

kelp decrease, otter increase, orca increase

Otter increase

kelp increase, urchin decrease, orca increase

Orca increase

kelp decrease, urchin increase, otter decrease

Water clarity

How clear the water is, affects hunting

Salinity

The salt content of water

Polarity

Uneven distribution of charges in a molecule (oxygen side of H2O is negative and hydrogen side is positive), causes most important water properties

Cohesion

Water molecules stick to other water molecules

Hydrogen Bonds

Weak bonds between the negative oxygen side of one water molecule and the positive hydrogen side of another water molecule

Adhesion

Water molecules stick to other molecules

Capillary action

Water molecules use cohesion and adhesion to climb thin tubes

Why is capillary action important?

It allows xylems to transport nutrients

Universal Solvency

Dissolves most other materials

Solvent

Dissolves the solute

Solute

Gets dissolved by solvent

High Specific Heat Capacity

Takes a large amount of heat energy to break water's bonds and increase its temperature, keeping its heat stable

Surface tension

The surface water molecules are attracted downwards, creating tension (lets some insects walk on water)

Variable Density

Ice has a lower density than water, allowing it to float on top of lakes instead of freezing the whole body

Covalent Bonds

bonds between atoms performed through the sharing of electrons to fill valence electron shells. Forms between two nonmetals.

Polar covalent bonds

covalent bonds where the sharing of electrons is unequal. Results in slight electrostatic charges on different sides of the molecule.

Ionic Bonds

bonds between atoms through the transfer of electrons to fill valence electron shells. Forms between a metal and a nonmetal.

Phenotypic Trait

Genetic drift

Random fluctuations in the numbers of gene variants in a population

Selective pressure

Gonads

Reproductive organ of urchins, located near a hole. Males release sperm into the water and females release their eggs

Aristotle's Lantern

The mouth of the urchin, contains 5 boney plates that scrape at kelp for food

Tube Feet

Allows the urchin to move, sense, and exchange air

Digestive System (Urchin)

Takes up most of the internal space, usually digests kelp and other algae

Test

Shell of the urchin, 20 rows of plates called ossicles. Made of calcium carbonate

Spines

Used by urchins to scrape at a rock for a hidey hole, can serve as defense against predators

Pedicellaria

Small pinching appendages on urchins

Water Vascular System

Moves the tube feet through pressure in urchins, causes circulation

Nerve Ring

Surrounds the mouth, controls various parts of the urchin

pH value

The measure of H+ ion concentration, shows how acidic or basic a substance is

Acid

pH lower than 7 (high concentration of H+)

Neutral substance

pH of 7 (equal concentration of H+ and OH-)

Base (alkali)

pH higher than 7 (high concentration of OH-)

Indicator

Compound that changes color dependent on the acidity or alkalinity of a substance

Litmus Paper

Type of indicator

Neutralization

A base and an acid are mixed, creating salt and neutral water

Step 1 of calcium carbonate process

CO2 + H2O → H2CO3 (carbonic acid)

Step 2 of calcium carbonate process

H2CO3 → H+ + HCO3- (bicarbonate, more basic now)

Step 3 of calcium carbonate process

HCO3- → H+ + CO3 (carbonate, more basic now)

Step 4 of calcium carbonate process

Ca found

Step 5 of calcium carbonate process

CO3 + Ca → CaCO3 (calcium carbonate, creates the urchin's shell)

What happens when CO2 is increased?

Urchins gain more CaCO3, grow out of control, and eat all the kelp (homeostasis broken)

Ocean water optimal pH

8 pH

Still learning (4)

You've started learning these terms. Keep it up!

nerve ring

a ring of nerves around the hydraulic system that powers the feet

gonads

reproductive organs in both sexes. males expel white sperm filled liquid into the surrounding waters, while females expel yellowish eggs into the same sperm water

water vascular system

responsible for circulation and movement of the echinoderms by applying pressure to the tube feet

digestive system

digests prey and expels waste from the top of the body

aristotle’s lantern

the mouth part of the urchin. consists of five sharp teeth

spines

the main defense of sea urchins against hungry predators

pedicellaria

small pinching appendages at the base of sea urchin's spines

tube feet

the main mode of transportation for the sea urchin

test

he shell of the urchin. contains 20 rows of plates called ossicles

Polarity

Water molecules have a slight negative charge near the oxygen and positive near the hydrogens, making them polar, which enables hydrogen bonds

Universal solvent

Water dissolves many ionic and polar substances, making it essential for chemical reactions in living systems.

Hydrogen bonding

The polarity of water allows molecules to form hydrogen bonds with each other and with other polar substances

Cohesion

Water molecules stick to each other due to hydrogen bonding, which creates surface tension.

Adhesion

Water molecules stick to other polar or charged surfaces, helping water move through narrow spaces (like plant xylem).

High specific heat capacity

Water can absorb a lot of heat before its temperature changes, helping regulate temperature in organisms and environments.

High heat of vaporization

Water requires a large amount of energy to evaporate, which allows evaporation to cool surfaces (e.g., sweating).