Infertility & Contraception - EHC & Terminations

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45 Terms

1
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Which hormone is responsible for stimulating the production of sperm?

Testosterone

2
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Which hormone triggers ovulation?

Luteinising hormone

3
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list 4 bacterial infections spread through sexual intercourse

chlamydia, gonorrhea, syphilis, and bacterial vaginosis (BV).

4
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what hormone helps prepare the lining of the uterus for implantation?

progesterone

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Which hormone stimulates the hypothalamus and pituitary gland to release more hormones to encourage egg development?

Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

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Which hormone is released when the corpus luteum breaks down?

Progesterone - The corpus luteum will break down around 10 days after ovulation releasing progesterone.

7
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Does the secretion of progesterone decreases during pregnancy?

No it increases

8
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Located at the back of the testis, this is where sperm is stored.

Epididymis

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male reproductive glands that produce the hormone testosterone and sperm.

Testes (singular = testis)

10
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Which gland is regulated by testosterone, produce the fluid which combines with sperm to make semen, which is then ejaculated during sexual arousal. 

Prostate gland

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Which Tube which transports urine and semen to outside the body?

Urethra

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Which hormone feeds back to the hypothalamus and pituitary to switch off LH production in a negative feedback loop?

Testosterone

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What are responsible for the production of ova and oestrogen and progesterone?

Ovaries

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What does the vesicular follicle become?

corpus luteum

15
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Which drugs treat PCOS?

*Clomifene - anti-oestrogen

*Metformin - effects on insulin

*Cyproterone, Finasteride & Dianette - anti-androgen treat hirsuitism

*Chorionic Gonadotrophins, follitropin alfa, menotrophinn- stimulate ovulation

16
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Which drugs treat Endometriosis?

NSAIDs - ibuprofen, naproxen, mefanamic acid

Paracetamol

COC’s and POP contraceptives

Danazol - reduces FSH and LH leads to less oestrogen.

17
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Treatments for male infertility

testosterone levels can be replaced with oral capsules, transdermal gel, intramuscular injection or implant.

18
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Treatments for infertility

Goserelin, Buserelin (Gonadorelin analogues)

> mimic Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH)

:- pituitary gland releases LH and FSH

:- oestrogen levels go up

:- starts ovulation.

19
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Which hormone decreases during pregnancy ?

Oestrogen

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Which hormone increases during pregnancy ?

Progesterone

21
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What is the most common synthetic oestrogen in COC’s?

ethinylestradiol

22
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What are the common synthetic progestogens in COC’s?

Levonorgestrel, Desogestrel, Drospirenone , Gestodene

23
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COCs maintain high amounts of oestrogen which does what to prevent pregnancy?

suppress ovulation preventing an egg being released from the ovaries.

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Why do COCs thicken the mucus in the neck of the uterus?

So that it is harder for sperm to penetrate the uterus and reach an egg .

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Why do COCs thin the lining of the uterus?

So there is less chance of a fertilised egg implanting into the uterus.

26
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Who is the COC not suitable for?

Patients over 35 who smoke

Patients with high blood pressure

27
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When is the COC pill considered to be 'missed' ?

If taken more than 24 hours after it was supposed to be taken.

28
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What if you miss a COC pill?

Take the missed pill immediately and then take the next pill at the usual time (this may mean taking 2 pills together).

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What if you miss 2 or more COC pills?

Take a pill immediately and then take remaining pills as normal - but abstain from sex or use extra precautions such as condoms for next 7 days.

30
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The POP that suppresses ovulation is?

Desogestrel is a prodrug of the active progestogen. It is metabolised in the intestines and liver to etonogestrel. 

31
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POP are better for who?

Suitable for patients over 35 who smoke

Suitable for breastfeeding mothers

No 7 day break, so less complicated

32
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When to take the POP?

Take pill at same time each day and every day - no pill free intervals.

33
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When is a POP pill considered missed?

If you take the pill late but within the 3-hour or 12-hour (desogestrel) window then the pill is not missed.

34
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What do you do if pill or pills missed?

  • Take 1 pill ASAP & next pill at normal time regardless how many pills missed.

  • no contraception effect for 48hrs as it takes 2 days for the POP to thicken the mucus at mouth of cervix

35
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Name the 2 Emergency Hormonal Contraceptives?

Levonorgestrel (Levonelle)

Ulipristal (EllaOne)

36
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Are levonorgestrel and ulipristal POM drugs?

No - P medicines

37
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When do you take Levonorgestrel and how much ?

Within 3 days of UPSI, 1.5mg or 3mg if BMI over 26.

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What the Mode of Action of Levonorgestrel?

Delays ovulation (as opposed to complete suppression like COC).

Thickens cervical mucous, impeding sperm mobility.

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When do you take Ulipristal and how much?

Within 5 days of UPSI, 30mg tablet.

40
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Out of Levonorgestrel (Levonelle) &

Ulipristal (EllaOne) which is teratogenic?

Ulipristal (EllaOne) - possibility of pregnancy must be considered before administration

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What the Mode of Action of Ulipristal (EllaOne) ?

It prevents ovulation by blocking the effects of progesterone.

42
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What are the drugs used in Medical Abortions?

Mifepristone - steroid

Misoprostol or Gemeprost -prostaglandin analogues

43
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What is the mode of action of Mifepristone?

Softens and dilates the cervix, making it more sensitive to prostaglandin analogues

44
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What is the mode of action of prostaglandin analogues?

Cause contractions to terminate pregnancy.

45
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When do you administer Misoprostol or Gemeprost - prostaglandin analogues?

36-48 hours after Mifepristone (steroid)