AP Human Geography Unit 2 Vocabulary

Agricultural population density

Compares the number of farmers to the area of arable land

Anti-natalist policies

Policies that attempt to decrease the number of births in a country

Arable land

Land that is suitable for growing crops

Arithmetic growth

Linear growth of a population - population growth at a constant rate

Arithmetic Population Density

Calculated by dividing a region's population by its total area

Asylum

Protection granted by one country to an immigrant from another country who has a legitimate fear of harm or death if he or she returns to the home country

Baby boom

A spike in birth rate

Baby bust

A lower number of births for a number of years following a baby boom

Birth deficit

A slow down in the number of births

Boserup, Ester

Contradicted the Malthus by stating that the more people there are, the more hands there are to work rather than just creating more mouths to feed

Brain drain

When migration out of a country is made up of many highly skilled people

BRIC Countries

Countries with rapidly developing economies - Brazil, Russia, India, China

Carrying capacity

The number of people a region can support without damaging the environment

Chain migration

When people migrate choose a migration destination based on others from their home country having previously chosen the destination ex: family, friends, culture groups

Circulation

Short term, repetitive, or cyclical movements that recur on a regular basis

Critical distance

The distance beyond which cost, effort, and means strongly influence willingness to travel

Counter migration

A movement in the opposite direction of a migration flow ex: 1990s migration to Mexico

Crude birth rate

The number of live births per year per each 1,000 people within a country

Crude death rate

The number of deaths per year per each 1,000 people within a country

Demographic equation

Used to describe the future population of a region on any scale

Demographic momentum

When a population continues to grow even after fertility rates have declined due to people living longer

Demographic transition model (theory)

A tool demographers use to categorize countries' population growth rates and economic structures

Demography

The study of population characteristics

Dependency population

People under the age of 15 or over the age of 64

Dependency ratio

The comparison between the potential workforce and the dependent population

Doubling Time

For an exponentially growing quantity, the amount of time it takes to double in size

Echo

An increase in births that reflects an earlier baby boom

Emigration

Moving out of (exiting) a country

Epidemiologic transition model

An extension of the Demographic Transition Model which explains the changing death rates in relation to the common causes of death in a society

Ethnicity

A group of people who hare the cultural traditions of a homeland or hearth

Ethnic enclaves

Neighborhoods filled primarily with people of the same ethnic group

Exponential growth

Compounded growth that occurs when a fixed percentage of new people are added to a population, also called geometric growth by Malthus

Female infanticide

Killing female babies

Forced migration

Involuntary migration, the migrant does not have a choice

Gravity model of migration

Based on Newton's law of gravity, predicts the influence upon interaction between two places and is not based on distance alone

Guest worker

Workers who temporarily enter a country to work in specific industries for a defined amount of time

Immigration

Moving into a country

Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid development brought about by the introduction of machinery and technology, began in Great Britain in the late eighteenth century (1700s)

Infant mortality rate

The number of babies per 1,000 births who die before the age of one

In-migration

Immigration into a country

Internal migration

Migration within a country

Inter-regional migration

Migration within a region

Infrastructure

The facilities and structures that allow people to carry out their typical activities

Internally displaced persons (IDP)

Forced migration where migrants move to another part of the same country

Intervening obstacles

Barriers that make reaching a person's desired destination more difficult, barriers could be political, environmental, or economical

Intervening opportunity

An opportunity en route tat disrupts an original migration plan

Life expectancy

The number of years a person is expected to live

Linear growth

Growth that occurs evenly across each unit over time aka arithmetic

Malthus, Thomas

His theory states that food production would increase arithmetically but population would grow exponentially which would lead to food shortages if population growth remained unchecked

Midlatitudes

The regions between 20-30 degrees and 60 degrees, both north and south

Migration

The permanent or semipermanent relocation of people from one place to another

Migration transition model

(Zelinsky) states that countries in stages 2 and 3 of the demographic transition model experience rapid population growth and overcrowding. The overcrowding acts as a push factor, which causes people to migrate to less crowded stage 4 or 5 countries.

Natural increase rate aka Rate of natural increase

The percentage at which a country's population is growing or declining without considering migration

Neo-Malthusians

Believe that population growth will lead to the depletion of non-renewable resources such as petroleum and that there will be water and food shortages

Net migration

The number of immigrants minus the number of emigrants, including citizens and non-citizens

One child policy

Anti-natalist policy implemented in China, subjected parents who had more than one child to fines

Out-migration

Emigration out of a country

Overpopulation

A region having more people than it

Pandemic

A disease which has spread worldwide

Physiological Population density

Calculated by dividing population by the amount of arable land

Population cohorts

Age groups displayed on a population pyramid

Population Density

A measure of the average population per square mile (or km) of an area

Population distribution

The pattern of human settlement - the spread of people across the earth

Population explosion

A crisis in which population growth occurs in countries which are not prepared to handle the growing numbers of people

Population pyramid

An age-sex composition graph

Potential workforce

People ages 15-64

Pro-natalist policies

Policies designed to increase the fertility rate

Pull factors

Positive conditions and circumstances which cause a person to choose a destination

Push factors

Negative circumstances, events, or conditions present where a person lives that compel them to leave

Race

A categorization of humans based on skin color and other physical characteristics

Ravenstein's Laws of Migration

Observed patterns in migration such as short distances, multiple steps, rural to urban, higher percentage of youths and males

Refugees

Displaced persons who cross an international boarder

Remittances

Money sent to a family in a person's home country

Restrictive population policies

Laws which limit immigration by means such as the setting of quotas ex: Chinese Exclusion Act which banned immigration from China between 1882 and 1943

Rural to urban migration

Most migration in history has been from rural (agricultural) areas to urban (city) areas, can be either internal or transnational

Social stratification

The hierarchical division of people into groups based on factors such as economic status, power, and/or ethnicity

Spatial interaction

The contact, movement, and flow of things between locations

Stationary population level

The level at which a country's population stops growing

Step migration

The process by which migrants reach their final destination through a series of smaller moves

Time-Space compression

(Space-time compression) A shortening of the time required for movement, trade, or other forms of interaction between two places

Total fertility rate

The average number of children born per woman of childbearing years (15-49) in a country

Transhumance

Occurs in mountainous regions, herders moving their animals to higher areas in the summer and lower elevations during the winter

Transnational migration

People who move from one country to another (internationally) rather than within a country

Voluntary migration

Occurs when people choose to relocate

Xenophobia

A strong dislike of people of a different country

Zero population growth

Occurs when birth and death rates are equal