Studied by 2 peoplea playlist for romanticizing spring
What does the quote before the introduction mean?
Harmony in discord
Define Rhetoric
Using words to influence or persuade. Arguing without anger.
Know the history of rhetorical study on pages 4-5.
Ancient people considered it to be essential. 1800s faded away from being taught. Recently gaining attention again.
What is the difference between fighting and arguing?
Argument is persuasion while fighting is taking out aggression on another
What does persuasion try to do?
To win an argument. To make someone agree or take a certain action to benefit yourself. Changes the mood, mind, and willingness to do something.
What is deliberative argument
one choice against another
Demonstrative argument
relies on values. (uses past evidence)
Why should you only " concede a point that will not damage your case/argument irreparably?
By conceding a point you let the other person feel triumphant. It makes you look like an understanding and caring person. After making the other person feel good about themselves you can persuade them to do what you want. If you concede a point that damages your argument irreparably then you lose the argument and do not get what you want done.
What are Cicero's 3 goals for persuading people?
Stimulate emotions 2. Change their opinion 3. get them to act
How does "changing the mood" help your argument?
If you change the mood then you can convince people to act. Make them see that they want it. Make it seem like it is the best way and that it is easy.
What are the three types of issues established by Aristotle? Why are knowing these important?
1.blame 2. Values 3. Choice "it matters because you will never meet your goals if you argue around the wrong core issue"
Why is it important to establish what core issue you are arguing about?
If you want to achieve your goal and be productive with the argument do not turn the argument by blaming someone for past events and change the subject away from the goal.
How can changing the tense (past, present, future) help you be more successful?
Past argument context usually fixes blame on someone while future allows someone to make a choice and fix the problem. Present decides what is good or bad.
Forensic rhetoric
focuses on placing blame and dealing with justice issues.
Demonstrative rhetoric
celebrates and praises or the opposite. Shows good or bad -> Values
Deliberative rhetoric
makes decisions and solves problems.
What type of rhetoric is "the rhetoric of choice"? Why?
Deliberative because it solves problems and can keep the argument from going off topic and becoming angry.
Logos argument
is by logic. All about the facts and using them to your advantage.
Ethos argument
is employs the trustworthiness of the arguer. People find a Good reputation more persuasive than a bad one
Pathos argument
is by emotion. Uses emotion to get what you want and can make others act for you.
Why is concession the most powerful tool of logos?
Concession is the most powerful tool of logos because conceding makes the other person feel good. You are letting them win points but not the argument. You make them happy and yourself because you still win in the end. Using their words against them but nicely.
How does "aligning yourself with your listener's pathos" help you in an argument?
It helps the other person know that you understand their feelings. Looking concerned and caring about someone. Show their own mood changing. It shows caring and understanding and dissolves the anger and resentment that could build up in an argument
What components make up decorum?
Is the art of fitting in or meeting others expectations. The consensus of the audience act the way people expect you to be or look that way. Important to succeed in persuasion be what your audience expects.
Why must you change your decorum based on your audience's expectations?
If you don't you will look bad to them. It makes you more appealing to them by being what they expect "when in Rome do what the Romans do, but when you are not in Rome doing what the romans do might get you in trouble"(Pg 49).
"3 essential qualities of persuasive ethos."1. Receptive
sitting still and not doing things like walking around or playing on their phones.
"3 essential qualities of persuasive ethos." 2. Attentive
and willing to listen to you.
"3 essential qualities of persuasive ethos." 3. Like and trust you
they should like you and be able to believe what you say. They should be willing to be persuaded.
What is practical wisdom?
A virtue of being able to reason welland being sensible. A common sense that can get things done.
Why is practical wisdom important to building one's ethos?
A Person will only follow you if they feel you are worthy of being followed and you know the right decision to make. They have to believe that you are sensible and know how to do what you are trying to do.
Why is ethos more important than any other aspect of rhetoric?
It puts the audience in the ideal state of persuadability.
How can dubitatio function in an argument?
It makes you seem as you have no tricks. It is used by pretending you don't know where to start and uncertain and it makes you seem honest.
According to Aristotle, where do emotions come from? Is this an accurate statement? Why?
He said emotions come from people's beliefs, values, what we think we know, and expect. Yes emotion comes from experience and expectations which are beliefs, values, what we think we know, and expect. They all fit in the category.
Why is a "detailed narrative" the best way to change the mood of your audience?
You can create a dramatic scene that helps the audience see what you are trying to show them through your own eyes. The Vividness will make it seem like a real experience. They can be mad with you if you tell them a vivid experience of some wrongness that has happened to you.
Understand the statement: "When you argue emotionally, speak simply."
less is more. Simpler words evokes a more powerful emotion in the audience. If they cant follow what you are saying then they won't feel for you. People can't feel emotions that they don't understand.
What is the problem with humor?
You can change their minds and emotion with humor but humor will not be able to motivate anyone.
What is unannounced emotion?
Sneak up on the mood instead of saying it out. By saying it out the audience's instinct is to resist the mood you tried to set before you told your story. "You are going to be so excited about this... disappoint" Because whatever you say just won't be good enough because they are already resisting the mood that you said they would feel.
Why is the passive voice so useful?
It calms the passions of the people by making the sentence passive as if it just happened instead of I did it. Calms the audience. The T.V. broke vs I broke the T.V. Does not set the blame on anything in particular it is just passive.
How might you use the backfire technique in an argument?
You just have to over sympathise with the other person until what they are upset about doesnt seem like a problem and they become embarrassed that they ever thought that way. (also can be used to prevent the wrath of an authority) (Be careful of them agreeing with you especially if you offer something)
Why must you keep the motivation of your audience in mind when trying to persuade them?
To persuade them it must sound like the choice you offer is advantages to them not yourself.
What is "rhetorical commonplace?" Explain.
A common place is starting from the audience point of view. Commonplaces are beliefs, attitudes, and values.
3 Common Commonplaces
beliefs, attitudes, and values.
Understand definition/redefinition.
Changing the subject of the argument to something else that is beneficial to you while putting your opponent in a bad spot.
Why must you as a "persuader" identify commonplace words?
You have to find the words that appeal to your audience to persuade them. Listen to what kind of words people use and follow the words that they find to be persuasive and use them to your benefit to easily persuade them. If people keep talking about something that is efficient then call your idea efficient not innovative and it will feel more like the choice they want. Because they want efficient so give them efficient.
What tense is best when addressing values? Why?
Starting with the present tense and then switching to the future is best when addressing values because using the present can define the value and by switching you can then propose a solution to the problem. Or just the present tense for values because it deals with right and wrong.
What is a syllogism?
It is an introduction to Simple logic. 3 circles like a venn diagram. It is categorical thinking and reasoning. "If... then.." thinking style. (Korean food is good. 불고기 is korean food therefore it is good.)
What is an enthymeme?
The stream line of a syllogism. Skipping the middle line. It is a belief, value, or attitude that is the first step of convincing the audience. (Korean food is good you should eat it.)
Know the difference between inductive & deductive logic. inductive logic:
is using a specific case and using it to make the conclusion. ("Socrates, Aristotle, Cicero and all others born more than a century and a half ago are dead-> Therefore all humans are moral)
Know the difference between inductive & deductive logic. deductive logic:
is taking a fact then applying it to a specific case to find the conclusion. (Korean food is good. 불고기 is korean food therefore it is good.)
What key word easily identifies the proof in an argument?
The word because is the key word. You can easily identify the proof with that word because (insert proof....)
What are 4 questions that can help you determine if there is a fallacy in an argument? How can you use these in everyday life?
Does the proof hold up? 2. Am I given the right number of choices. 3. Does the proof lead to the conclusion? 4. Who cares? To protect yourself against business people, politicians, and scams. You can find better outcomes to a problem by realizing there maybe be alternative options to the ones presented to you.
What are the 3 identifiers associated with logical fallacies?
They are Bad proof, Wrong number of choices, and a disconnect between the proof and conclusion.
False comparison
is when you are comparing something to something else as proof but it is wrong. (X The donut has grape jelly so the donut is a fruit)
The Bad Example
includes misinterpreting evidence to lead to a bad conclusion (X one person from Bethel was a hard worker therefor if you find another person from bethel they will also be a hard worker). There are variations within a group. Out of a group of people it is not likely that anyone else in the group is the same or similar.
Ignorance of Proof
"what you cannot prove does not exist" "because something is not disproven then it exist" No One can prove UFOs don't exist therefore they do (XXX)
Tautology
repetition the conclusion is the exact same as the proof. "You can trust our candidate because he's honest" trustworthiness = honest
Many questions
a question that is actually more than one question but presumes an answer for one already.
False dilemma
some doesn't give you the amount of choices you actually have. "You can eat this or starve" but you might have another choice not given. You might be able to eat a leftover meal from yesterday or buy something while you are out later.
Complex cause
one reason might not be the only contributing factor but only one is blamed for the conclusion.
The red herring
Bringing up an irrelevant issue to distract from the actual problem.
Straw man
Switching the topic to one that is easier to fight.
Slippery slope
Doing one thing will lead to the next and the next... (each one more horrible then the next but not necessarily logical) (if i let you have this then i have to let everyone else have one too) or (after you came the school work got harder doesn't mean the schoolwork got harder because you came.) Superstitious people/ government officials
What is the purpose of argument?
The purpose is to reach a conclusion to solve the problem
Explain the Fallacy of Power.
"Because the guy in charge wants it it must be Good" Just because a higher position says something is good doesn't mean it is true. But it could be therefore find evidence to support that it is the best option. No blindly accepting what is best.
Explain the Foul: Wrong Tense
is when a person is arguing in the wrong tense. Using the future tense gets results but if you stay in present you won't get anywhere same with the past tense.
Explain the Foul: "The Right Way."
only sticks to values and what is considered right or wrong. Gives a choice without a choice only the "Right" option. If you choose anything else you are wrong.
Innuendo
objecting to it would make you look foolish. It is nice to see you brushed your hair today (implying you usually wouldn't but did today) You wouldn't say no I didnt brush my hair today" (unless you want to look crazy and further imply that you don't brush your hair)
the threat
Giving an argument denying the choice or else. Argument by the stick. Might work if you are the big bully.
Utter stupidity
meaning being Just too stupid to logically reach a conclusion. (Yes it is, no its not ... the rest...for a long time) Sibling fight (suggested solution by the author: if you are 5 years old, just hit them because there really is no other way)
When in an argument, and ethos is used, what is the first thing to look for to determine if ethos is accurate? How could this be applied to your life?
The first thing is look for the disconnects it can keep you from becoming manipulated. Seeing the true interests of the other people. Is the person trying to help you or themselves? (Does dad really want a pool table or does the salesman want to sell you the pool table?)
Explain, define, and give an example of "virtue" according to Aristotle.
"A state of character concerned with choice, lying in a mean" Meaning you can evaluate someone on how you view them, what kind of choices they are offering you and if they are extreme or if they are moderate. A virtuous sales person would not try to sell a $3000 item to someone with a budget of $100. They would be virtuous if they sold you something that was 50 dollars which is in the middle of your budget.
Explain the quote from Aristotle: "There's virtue in moderation."
A virtuous person would try to give you a choice in between your values not crossing out of them and trying to change your original intention. A virtuous sales person would not try to sell a $3000 item to someone with a budget of $100. (They would be virtuous if they sold you something that was 50 dollars which is in the middle of your budget.)
Explain "practical wisdom" or phronesis.
Being practically wise means that you think of all the situations in the problem instead of answering a complicated problem with a one size fits all solution. "That depends" is a good way to start. What is a good solution for one situation might not work in another. Phronesis perspective on rules and improvisation. (What is the best solution to persuading a person? It depends on what kind of person it is.)
What is the most important trait of practical wisdom? Why?
Is figuring out what the audience really needs and what the issue really is because you can't solve anything if you don't know what you need. Knowing about the particular situation to properly assess and find a fitting solution.
What are the steps to evaluating ethos?
By evaluating their caring, their virtues, and their practical wisdom.
How can you personally benefit from a bully?
Because bullies are everywhere you can learn to deal with them by persuading the audience instead of the bully. If the bullys goal is to make you look bad in front of an audience then win the audience to you side to block them from reaching their goal. (A bully could be another kid at school or it could be an superior in an office)
What are schemes?
Persuasive tricks and rules of thumb. Analogy, oxymoron, rhetorical question, and hyperbole.
Metonymy
is taking a characteristic of something and making it stand for the whole. The pen is mightier than the sword," This sentence has two metonyms: "Pen" stands for "the written word." "Sword" stands for "military aggression."
Synecdoche
is swapping a thing for a collection of things All facial tissues are often referred to by the brand name "Kleenex." While there are many types of facial tissues someone might say give me a kleenex meaning they could want a variety of things but the context and the situation would allow you to know what they want. If they are sick, a tissue. If they messed up their make up a makeup wipe.
Chiasmus
presents a mirror image of a concept. Playing the opponents point backwards. "Don't ask what your country can do for you ask what you can do for your country"
Antithesis
is weighing one argument against another. "Patience is bitter, but it has a sweet fruit." ( Aristotle)Wheing the idea that being patient is difficult but Being patient may have great results.
Litotes
is used to calm things down. Makes a point by denying the opposite. Your not doing terribly (You may not be doing the best you can though)
Why should one use the simplest figures of thought in a serious argument?
Because it leads to quick solutions by taking two points and weighing them side by side.
juxtaposition
Placing 2 things side by side for the purpose of developing comparisons and contrasts.
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