Features of Inflammation✅

1. What are the cardinal signs of inflammation?

2. What could cause involving the light lower arm?

1. Tumor (swelling), rubor (redness) , calor (heat), dolor (pain), functio laesa (loss of functiom)

2. Contact or exposure with chemicals, prolonged sun exposure, etc.

1. Where would be the most painful when touched?

2. Describe the arm at the bottom

1. The red area

2. Erythematous (reddened) and Edematous (swollen)

1. Identify pointed structures

2. In a complete CBC, what is the simplest indicator of acute inflammation?

1. PMN Neutrophils

2. Increased numbers of leukocytes (Presented by neutrophils)

1. Why is the CBC a commonly ordered laboratory test?

2. What are acute phase reactants, and what are some examples?

3. What effect do acute phase reactants have on the sedimentation rate of RBCs? What does an increased sedimentation rate ("sed rate") indicate?

4. Which organs can produce Procalcitonin (PCT)? What is its significance

1. The CBC is a commonly ordered test because it's a fundamental screening tool that can provide initial clues about a wide range of conditions, including infections, inflammation, anemia, and bleeding disorders.

2. Acute phase reactants are proteins whose plasma concentrations increase or decrease in response to inflammation. Examples include C-reactive protein (CRP), fibrinogen, and serum amyloid associated protein.

3. These proteins coat the surface of RBCs, neutralizing their negative charge and causing them to clump together and settle faster. An increased "sed rate" or ESR is a non-specific indicator of inflammation. It signals that an inflammatory process is occurring somewhere in the body.

4. Procalcitonin (PCT) can be produced by a variety of cells, including those in the liver, kidney, pancreas, and adipose tissue. PCT is considered a useful marker for bacterial sepsis because its levels typically rise significantly in response to bacterial infections. It is also a marker for trauma

1. Identify

2. Describe the series of events in acute inflammation

1. Exudation, microscopic

2. Look photo

1. What does the image illustrate?

2. What are the short- term mediators of endothelial cell contraction? The long term mediators?

3. What are the mediatros of vasodilation

1. The process of exudation with endothelial contraction and dilation

2. Histamine, bradykinin, leukotrienes, C3a and C5a of the complement system

3. Histamine, prostaglandin, nitric oxide

1. What does the image show?

2. What are the mediators of this process?

1. Neutrophil migration via diapedesis

2. Look photo

1. Identify pointed in red arrows

2. Identify pointed in black arrows

3. Describe the process of the cells pointed in red arrow

1. PMN Neutrophils

2. Dilated venule wall

3. Diapidesis (first by attachment to the basement membrane)

1. Is the encircled vessel undergoing acute or chronic inflammation?

2. Why?

1. Acute

2. There is vasodilation with margination of the neutrophils

1. Identify encircled structures

2. Are there neutrophils present?

3. Presence of the encircled structure presents what aspect of inflammation?

1. Fibrin or fibrin mesh

2. Yes, duh

3. Swelling

1. Describe pointed engulfed cells

2. What are some of the opsonins facilitating the attachment of PMN Neutrophils?

Review: What does elevated procalcitonin levels indicate?

1. Gram (+) cocci

2. IgG and C3b

Review: Bacterial sepsis or trauma

View pic for konting kaalaman 😊

1. What is the pathway activated here?

2. What activates this pathway?

1. Alternate Pathway

2. Bacterial products

1. What complement pathway is initiated here?

2. Adrive compounds generated in the pathway

3. Components of the Membrane Attack Complex

1. Classical pathway

2. C3b, C5a

3. C5-C9

Ga try ra man nig capture og bacteria ani na slide, there is a related slide on phagocytosis

1. What is engulfed here?

1. Bacteria

1. Identify pathology

2. What is demonstrated?

1. Inflammation with necrosis in the arterial wall

2. The vasculitis shown here demonstrates the destruction that can accompany the acute inflammatory process and the interplay with the coagulation mechanism. The arterial wall (red arrow) is undergoing necrosis, and there is thrombus (blue) formation in the lumen

1. Identify pathology

2. What is seen here?

1. Inflammation with necrosis

2. At higher magnification, vasculitis with arterial wall necrosis is seen. Note the fragmented remains of neutrophilic nuclei or karyorrhexis (yellow)

1. ID Pathology

2. Identify red, blue, yellow, and green pointed structures

3. Describe process the encircled cell is undergoing

1. Mixed inflammation with macrophage phagocytosis

2. Neutrophils, Macrophages, Plasma cells, Lymphocytes

3. Phagocytosis of neutrophil, RBC, and nuclear fragments

1. ID pathology

2. Most likely cause

1. Edema

2. Heart failure

3. This is "pitting" edema because, on physical examination, you can press your finger into the skin and soft tissue and leave a depression. Most likely cause: heart failure

1. Identify pathology

1. Edema in friction blister

1. ID pathology

2. What is the probable cause?

3. What type of hypersensitivity is this?

1. There is marked laryngeal edema and swollen epiglottis such that the airway is narrowed

2. Anaphylaxis

3. Type 1 hypersensitivity

1. Describe kind of effusion?

2. Location of the effusion?

1. Serous effusion (Pleural effusion)

2. Pleural cavity

Check photo for konting kaalaman

1. Identify patholgy

2. Describe

1. Pleural effusions, bilateral, serosanguinous

2. Bilateral pleural effusions. Note that the fluid appears reddish, because there has been hemorrhage into the effusion. This is a serosanguinous effusion