2025 World History Midterm

“Humane” device used as a means of execution during the French Revolution

Guillotine

He seized power of the French government in 1799 with a military takeover

Napoleon

Louis XVI’s unpopular wife - her nickname was “Madame Deficit”

Maire Antoinette

The ruling family of France

Bourbon

King who bankrupted France by building Versailles and fighting lots of wars

Louis XIV

Following the Reign of Terror, this five-member board ruled France

The Directory

Term used to describe nobles who fled France and hoped to restore the Old Regime

Emigres

Jacobin leader who ruled during the most violent time of in which thousands of French citizens were executed

Robespierre

Author of The Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen

Olympe de Gouges

Radical group made up of Parisian wage earners and small shop keepers who wanted a greater voice in the government

Sans-Culottes

One of the most prominent members of the Jacobins, he edited a revolutionary newspaper that stirred up the violent mood in Paris

Marat

Well-known Jacobin and lawyer, eventually executed for being less radical than Robespierre

Danton

King during the French Revolution

Louis XVI

Made up from the French middle class and included merchants, bankers, industrialists

bourgeoisie

A sudden over throw/take-over of the government

coup de’teat

Accounted for about 97% of the French population but only received a one-third vote in the Estates-General

3rd estate

French revolution started this year

1789

Made up the First Estate in France

the Clergy

Supposedly represented all of the French people, although (prior to the French Revolution) it had not met in almost 175 years

the Estate-general

Made up majority of the Third Estate

peasants

Made up the Second Estate in France

nobles

The National Assembly was initially formed by this group

3rd Estate

This consisted of a series of peasant rebellions through out the French countryside which motivated the National Assembly to abolish class privileges

The Great Fear

What issue arose after the King called for the Estates General to meet

how many votes each Estate would get

In 1793, both the King and Queen of France were

beheaded

This was a popular slogan for members of the French Revolution

Liberty, Equality, Fraternity

Why did the National Assembly lose the support of many of the French peasants

It took away the Catholic Church’s lands and independance

What kind of government did the French Constitution of 1791 set up

limited monarchy

which of the following statements about the Reign of Terror is incorrect

It was stopped with the arrival of Napoleon and his army

which group imposed the Reign of Teroor

the Committee of Public Safety

Which of the following is an accurate description of the tax system in France in the years preceding the French Revolution

members of 3rd Estate paid almost all of the taxes

The Estates-General was convened in 1789 in order to deal with the

near bankruptcy of the French Treasury

Which of the following statements accurately depicts developments in the French Revolution

The National Assembly created a basic declaration of liberties and a new constitution to establish a limited monarchy

Louis XVI destroyed his public standing by attempting flee

Warfare broke out between France and Austria, which was endeavoring to restore the absolute French Monarchy

All of the above

Which group finally forced Robespierre from power

his fellow revolutionaries

Which group most strongly embraced the ideals and principles of the Enlightenment

the Bourgeoisie

His laws of motion and gravitation led to a whole new conception of the universe and his ideas served as the basis for the study of physics until the 20th century

Newton

He praised and analyzed the checks and balances of the British constitution

Montesquieu

He believed that all people possessed natural rights and that it was the government’s job to protect him

Locke

Brilliant French satirist and one of the most famous writers of the Enlightenment; he frequently targeted the clergy, the aristocracy and the government and he never stopped fighting for tolerance, reason, freedom of religion and freedom of speech

Voltaire

In A Vindication of the Rights of Women, this political thinker presented an argument for the education of women; she also declared that women should have the same political rights as men

Wollstonecraft

The Enlightenment was a movement of

intellectuals

Which of the following was not a core belief, or concept, of the philosophes

Faith

Happiness

Liberty

Progress

Reason

Which if the following did the Enlightenment promote

a belief in progress

a more secular outlook

faith in science

all of the above

Philosopher who believed that all people are born free and equal, with the rights to life, liberty and property was

John Locke

This philosophers ideas greatly influenced criminal law reformers in Europe and North America; he argued against the use of torture and other common abuses

Beccaria

French philosopher Jean Jacques Rousseau believed that the best form of government would be a:

direct democracy

Who took Montesquieu’s principles and worked them into their constitution

American philosophes

What did the word reason mean to Enlightenment intellectuals

understanding of all of life could be discovered through human mind & logical thinking

An influential French writer whose famous book, On the Spirit of the Laws, proposed that a separation of powers would keep any individual/group from gaining total control of the government

Baron de Montesquieu

The new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of the individual to solve problems was the

Enlightenment

Monarchs who embraced new ideas and made reforms to improve the lives of their subjects

enlightened despotism

He supervised the publication of a huge encyclopedia that summarized human knowledge during Enlightenment

Denis Diderot

He believed that absolute power was needed to preserve order in society

Hobbes

This artistic style of the 1600s and early 1700s was characterized by grand, ornate designs

baroque

this artistic style of the late 1700s was characterized

neoclassical

in a history thesis paper where should you place your thesis statement

the last sentence of the intro paragraph

the theory that the sun was at the center of the universe with planets revolving around it

the heliocentric theory

for the medieval thinker this was the only sources of knowledge

the bible

the Roman Catholic church

the ancient Greek and Romans

this political thinker believed that all humans were naturally selfish and wicked and therefore argued that strong (authoritarian) governments were necessary to avoid chaos and maintain law and order

Thomas Hobbes

womans contributions to the Enlightenment included all of the following

urging women to enter male dominated fields

writing about inequalities between men and women

holding social gatherings for influential people to generate “enlightened” discussions

womans contributions to the Enlightenment included did not include

running for political offices

scottish orifesser who defended the idea of a free economy in his book the Wealth of Nations

Adam Smith

this swiss intellectual/writer, best known for his book on government, the Social Contract

Jean Jacques Rousseau

a major turning point in modern civilization as the Western world arrived at a new conception of the solar system/universe

the scientific revolution

learning that is based on a combination of the following three sources of knowledge: human reason/logic; experimentation and observation; and, math.

the scientific method

the willingness of people to hand over their rights to a ruler in exchange for law and order in society was called

a social contract

rights that belong to all humans at birth

natural rights

a movement in France that allowed ideas of Enlightenment to filter down to the larger population through discussions that took place at social gatherings of writers, musicians, painters, and philosophers

salons

the movement for woman’s rights is known as

feminism

the intellectuals/group of social critics of the Enlightenment were known by this French term:

Philosophes

Number 1 best represents

Portugal

Number two best represents

Spain

number 3 best represents

Great Britian

number 4 best represents

France

number 5 best represents

Belgium

number 6 is

Holland/Netherlands

number 7 best represents

Denmark

number 8 is

Germany

number 9 is

switzerland

number 10 is

Austria-Hungary

number 11 is

Serbia

number 12 is

Romania

number 13 is

Russia

number 14 is

Ottoman number 1Empire

number 15 is

Ottoman Empire

number 16 is

Greece

number 17 is

Italy

number 18 is

Spain

number 19 is

France

number 20 is

Great Britian

number 21 is

Netherlands

number 22 is

Prussia

number 23 is

Prussia

number 24 is

Prussia

number 25 is

Austrian Empire

number 26 is

Austrian Empire

27 is

Russia

28 is

Ottoman Empire

29 is

Ottoman Empire