Bio 2 test 3

What is a charophyte

green algae most closely related to land plants

Is algae a plant

no, they do photosythesis in water

What are land plants

all have a common ancestor that lived on land

what is an ancestral trait

old shared trait due to common ancestry

what are the three ancestral traits that charophytes and land plants share

1- the structures used to make cellulose (makes the cell wall in plants) are in a ring shape (in other organisms its linear)

2- similar sperm flagella (tail)

3- same phragmoplasts- microtubules (large proteins) put down to help make the cell wall

What are the pros for living on land

-more sunlight for photosynthesis

-more co2 for photosynthesis

-no predators (herbivores at first)

-good nutrients in soil

What are the cons of living on land

-water is limited-> harder for photosynthesis

-> no structural support to keep plants upright

-> reproduction is harder because water is needed for sperm to swim to egg

What is sporopollenin

tough, hydrophobic material found in both charophytes and plant spores (ancestral trait) -> prevent water loss when on land

What are derived traits

new, unique to land plants (no algae)

What is alteration of generations

switch between 2 stages-> sporophyte and gameotophye

What is a sporophyte

diploid (2n)- 2 sets of chrom

What is a gametophyte

haploid (n)- 1 set of chrom

What is the alteration of generations cycle

sporophyte -> meiosis -> spores (haploid) -> mitosis -> gametophyte -> mitosis -> gametes -> fertilization -> zygote

Besides the alteration of generation, what are the other 4 derived traits of land plants

Embryophytes, sporangia, gametangia, apical meristem

What are Embryophytes

plant embryos (babies) stay in the female gametophyte after fertilization for protection, nutrients, and to avoid dehydration

What is sporangia

structures on the sporophyte where spores are made

What are gametangia

structure on the gametophyte where gametes are made (archegonia, anthridia)

What are archegonia

where eggs are made

What are anthridia

where sperm are made

What is the apical meristem

where cell division (mitosis) takes places so the plant can grow roots, leaves, ect.

What are the 3 major plant groups

bryophytes- non vascular

seedless vascular

seeded vascular

What are the 3 types of byrophytes

moss

liverworts

hornworts

What is the relationship between the gametophyte and the sporophyte in bryophytes

gametophyte is dominant- always there

sporophyte is dependent- needs gametophyte to survive

Why are byrophytes so small

they don't have vascular tissue

What is vascular tissue

sends food and water long distances

Why do byrophytes usually live in moist habitats

to get water from the ground and because the flagellated sperm (sperm with a tail) must swim to reach the egg

What are the 5 derived traits of seedless vascular plants (unquie to seedless, vascular, NOT shared with Byrophytes)

1- sporophyte is dominant. Gametophyte is small and independent

2- vascular tissue-move food and water long distances

xylem- transports water and minerals

phloem- transports food

3- roots- anchor plants, absorb food/water, stronger than rhizoids

4- Leaves- more surface area to absorb sunlight

5- Sporophylls- leaves with spores

What do both Bryophytes and seedless vascular plants need

water for reproduction (sperm swimming to egg) -> ancestral

Why can seedless vascular plants grow tall

vascular tissue helps plants grow tall

what is lignin

woody part of plants that gives structural support

What are the two phyla of seedless vascular plants

lycophytes-club mosses, skipe mosses, quill worts

monilophytes-ferns, whisk ferns, horsetails -> most closely related to seeded plants

What is the relationship between the gametophytes and sporophytes in bryophytes

G- dominant

S- Dependent

What is the relationship between the gametophytes and sporophytes in seedless vascular

G- Independent, small

S- Dominant

What is the relationship between the gametophytes and sporophytes in seeded vascular

G- Dependent, microscopic, inside cone or flower

S- Dominant

Most seedless plants have _______________________ while all seeded plants have ____________________________

homospores (one type of spore), Heterospore (two types of spores)

What is a megaspore

female gametophyte -> eggs

What is a microspore

male gametophyte -> sperm

What is the ovule

where eggs are made, protects embryo, develops into seed

What is integument

protective outside layer-> turns into the seed coat

What is the megasporangium

makes megaspores-> egg

What is pollen

male gametophyte that makes sperm

What makes pollen so special

no more flagellated sperm-> don't need water for sperm to swim

use pollenation-> wind, bees, butterflies,ect.

pollen makes a tube so the sperm can travel to the egg

What is a seed

plant embryo, nutrients, seed coat (protective covering)

What are the advantages to seeds

built in food supply, extra protection, great for dispersal-> spreading

What are the 2 groups of seeded vascular plants

Gymnosperms and Angiosperms

What is a gymnosperm

naked seed plants (not enclosed)-> seeds are on leaves called sporophylls-> often in the form of cones

What do male cones have for the female cones

pollen that travel to the female cones with ovules by wind

What are the 4 major groups of gymnosperms

conifers

ginkogos

cycads

gnetophytes

What are conifers

many are evergreens-always doing photosynthesis- well adapted to cold ex. pine,spruce

What are ginkgos

one species left,eat seeds to improve memory

what are cycads

palmlike leaves, big cones, toxic seeds

what are gnetophytes

varied species based on DNA-> special leaf around ovule to catch pollen

What are the 2 key adaptations of angiosperms

flower- sexual reproduction and attracting pollinators

fruit- develop around the seeds from the ovary of the plant, help with dispersal

What is the stamen

male part of the flower

what is the carpel

female part of the flower

what is double fertilization

both embryo and endosperm (nutrients) make up the seed

What is the process of double fertilization

1-pollen lands at the top of the carpel

2- pollen makes a tube and releases 2 sperm into the ovary

3- egg and polar nuclei (leftover cells from making eggs) are in the ovary

4- one sperm fertilizes egg-> embryo

5- second sperm fuses with 2 of the polar nuclei-> endosperm

6- embryo and endosperm make a seed and the ovary turns into a fruit around the seeds

What are the 4 main groups of angiosperms

basal angiosperms- oldest

magnoliids- magnolias

monocots- one cotyledon-seed leaf

eudicots- dicots- 2 cotyledons-> makes up majority of angiosperms

What do most plants do to get food

photosynthesis

what is B. yawanesis

a parasite and feeds on plant roots

who does B. yawanesis have a muutal relationship with

amami rabbits

-> rabbits eat fruit (angiosperm)

->plants get dispersed to new places

-> rabbits poop out seeds by roots of trees-> perfect for B. yawanesis

What is a fungus

heterotroph: eat their food by absorption- break down outside it's body and then bring it into their cells

What is the hyphae

branchlike structures used to eat, reproduce, grow

What is the mycellium

all the hyphae

What is chitin

carb that makes up the cell wall in all fungus

What is the process of sexual reproduction in fungi

1- fungi releases pheromones- chemicals into environment by hyphae to determine if they are different mating types. if so-> proceed

2- Plasmogamy- cytoplasm fuses (but not nuclei)-> forms a heterokaryon-> cell with 2 different nuclei-> can last for centuries

3- karyogamy- nuclei fuse-> zygote-> meiosis to make spores

How do multicellular fungi reproduce

asexually as molds by mitosis

How do unicellular fungi (yeasts) reproduce

by budding

What supergroup and subgroup are fungi in

supergroup-unikonts

supgroup-opisthokonts

just like animals

What is a nucleariid

protists that is the likely ancestor of fungi-> unicellular, aquatic

What do microsporidians and cryptomycetes have in common

both fungi are related by DNA and are very old (basal), parasites

How do microsporidians and cryptomycetes differ

have zoospores- spores with flagella- need water to swim! -> infect fungi and algae

What is a chytrid

multicellular with zoospores. can be parasite (amphibian killers) or mutualists (help herbivores break down plants)

What is a zoopagomycetes

use zygospres- sexually reproduced spores with a protective layer, parasite and commensal fungi

What is a mucoromycota

includes molds (ex. bread molds) -> also use zygospores for sexual reproduction

what is Glomeromycota

also a kind of mucoromycota-> arbuscular mycorrhizar- mutualistic fungi that grow inside plant root cells

plants-> give fungi carbs

fungi-> give plants extra nutrients + mineral

What is the sexual and asexual reproductive structures of basidiomycota

ex. mushrooms

sexual- basidiospores

asexual- conidia

What is the sexual and asexual reproductive structures of Ascomycota

ex. truffles

sexual- ascospores

asexual- conidia

Mycorrhizae and lichens are ___________________________

mutual relationships involving fungi

What are mycorrhizae

fungi and plant roots

What are lichens

fungi and algae/cyanobacteria

fungi-> provides environment for growth

algae/bacteria-> provides carbs/nitrogen

What are decomposers

break down dead material-> put nutrients back into environment for other organisms

What are pathogens

cause mycoses -> fungal infections usually on our skin (Athlete's foot) because we are too warm

What are toxins

ex. ergot-> hallucinations, gangrene

What are basidiomycota

decomposers that grow on damp logs

What happens if the mushrooms don't get enough nitrogen

kill worms

-release a toxin into the air-> for humans, we use this in scents/flavors

Fungi cant be used to kill worms that attract crops because

the soil is rich in nitrogen-> no need to kill worms