Anglo-Irish History (1914-1921)

How did Bonar Law describe the Liberal government's adoption of IHR?

'Corrupt Bargain'

What did Bonar Law say to justify Ulster's resistance to IHR and where and when did he say it?

He said that 'there are things stronger than parliamentary majorities', this was in Belfast in 1912

What did Asquith call Bonar Law's language when supporting Unionists at rallies?

"grammar of anarchy"

Explain the significance of the Curragh Mutiny (1914) to the government and INP?

Govt- It showed the government did not the support of / control over its own army-- undermines their brinkmanship

INP- It showed the army was sympathetic to the Unionist cause

What happened at Larne and Howth in 1914?

At Larne the UVF smuggled in guns from Germany, at Howth the IVs did the same (but failed)

What did the Ulster Unionist Council announce in July 1914?

They would resist IHR by any means they viewed necessary

What was the county option and why was it not agreed in 1914?

The county option would exclude 6 of Ulster's counties from IHR for 6 years. This was not agreed in 1914 because Carson (Unionist) had problem with abandoning Southern Unionists and there was disagreement between Carson and Redmond over the duration of the exclusion. Neither party wanted to partition Ireland.

Three reasons why the prospect of IHR was healthy in Sept 1914

1) It was on the statute book

2) Political truce (Unionists + Liberals & Ulster Unionists + INP)

3) Excluding 6 of Ulster's counties was agreed on by Redmond and Carson

Identify two major changes in the composition and design of the government from 1915-1916-

There was a coalition government with Asquith, Bonar Law and Carson (joined 1916)

Why could Redmond's Woodenbridge speech be seen as disastrous for the INP in 1917?

The Woodenbridge Speech called for Irishmen to fight the war, however this was received badly when the war became unpopular (the INP is heavily associated with the war)

Two possible motives for the Dublin Uprising? (1916)

1) Attempting to inspire other nationalists to revolt, to shock Ireland out of its complacency with the Union

2) Attempting 'self-sacrifice' as is in line with Gaelic tradition

What political statement did the rebels in the Dublin Rising make?

They claimed independence for the ENTIRE island of Ireland

How many suspects were arrested in the backlash following the Dublin Rising?

300,000

How many seats did the INP have BEFORE the Dublin Rising?

83 MPs

Did the Dublin Uprising (1916) have immediate success?

No, it was denounced by the Redmond + the INP, Catholic Church and most of Ireland

British Government's reaction to the 1916 Dublin Uprising-

They reacted harshly, executing 15 of the uprising's leaders using 'dribbling' meaning little by little as a constant reminder. This turned Irish public opinion against the government and made the leaders into martyrs.

How many seats did Sinn Fein vs the INP win in 1918 in the aftermath of the Dublin Rising?

INP- 6 Seats (no longer relevant)

Sinn Fein- 73 Seats (SF becomes the new voice of Irish Nationalism)

What was the nature of the Anglo-Irish civil war after 1918?

The IRA (empowered by Sinn Fein) attacked British authority in Ireland (Royal Irish Constabulary, English politicians)

IHR Talks between 1916-1918 and why they failed-

July 1916 Talks (Carson + Redmond)- DLG goes to Ireland to offer IHR with exclusion, this fails because they can not decide on the duration of the exclusion

1917 Irish Convention- Fails due to the absence of Sinn Fein and Ulster

Which military organisation and political institution did Sinn Fein set up in 1918?

The Irish Republican Army (IRA) and an Irish parliament, the Dail. The set up of the Dail was so revolutionary because many of its representatives were on the run from the British government and SF were acting unilaterally.

What was the significance of 'Bloody Sunday' and the city of Cork to the Anglo-Irish Civil War?

'Bloody Sunday' was when British forces (Auxs & Blacks + Tans) killed spectators at a Gaelic football match

The city of Cork was burned down by British forces

Who were the Auxiliaries and the Blacks & Tans? Why did the British Government not deploy the army?

The Auxiliaries and Blacks and Tans were ex-servicemen, a lot of them were religious bigots and they were paid by the government to crush the IRA. The government did not deploy the British army because that would be admitting to civil war.

Difficulties faced by the UK government from 1918-1920 which impaired their policies towards Ireland-

The war was going badly, they were dealing with domestic issues, the Auxiliaries violence was being criticised by the US government, newspapers, Labour etc

Features of the Government of Ireland Act 1920 and how/why Ulster changed?

GIA- Gave Ulster a home rule parliament, gave a different home rule parliament to the other 26 counties

Ulster's separation from the other counties was solidified, Ulster's 'siege mentality' was validated, Ulster used the act extensively (despite not originally wanting IHR!!)

Features of the Anglo-Irish Treaty of 1921 and SF/IRA splitting over it-

Anglo-Irish Treaty- Made the 26 counties the Irish Free State (a dominion in the empire, not part of the Union), the UK navy had control over 3 ports, governor general was Westminster's representative in Ireland, oath of allegiance to the crown, much greater legislative powers. --> More radical members of IRA and SF did NOT want the treaty because it was not a full republic (partition/oath), this led to civil war in the IFS from 1921-1923

Was Ireland entirely independent after the 1921 treaty? How did the island of Ireland now differ after the treaty?

Ireland was not entirely independent (in the empire/oath). The island of Ireland was partitioned now (Northern Ireland vs the IFS)

What happened to the INP after 1918?

INP was removed from Irish politics- SF is now the voice of nationalism and does not want to cooperate with parliament

Who infiltrated the Irish Volunteers because Redmond and the IPP never fully controlled it?

Members of the Irish Republican Brotherhood and Sinn Fein (radicals)-- it is these radicals who lead the Dublin Uprising

How did DLG's coercive policies during the Anglo-Irish civil war of introducing auxiliaries and black and tans actually help the process of IHR?

It brought the Republicans to a stalemate, they were tired of fighting and therefore became willing to discuss with the government/Unionists-- these talks lead to the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty

Which IRA leader was involved in the talks preceding the 1921 Anglo-Irish Treaty?

Collins (killed during the Irish Civil War 1921-1923)

How did the prospect of IHR appear healthy in 1914?

IHR was put on the statute book, the parties took on a political truce, Redmond's Woodenbridge speech rallied nationalists around WW1 and showed the union was still strong

What was Sinn Fein's reaction to the 1920 Government of Ireland Act?

They won all of the seats and then boycotted it-- they did NOT accept partition

What was the status of partition by 1920 after the Govt of Ireland Act?

Ulster had accepted it, the British Government accepted it BUT Sinn Fein did NOT accept it

What domestic issues did the Liberals have to face in 1918-1920 that inhibited their policy toward Ireland?

Failing economy, political disunity within the cabinet, condemnation from the US and Labour on Ireland policy

What was the All-Ireland council? Was it used?

A measure attached to the 1920 Govt of Irl Act, intended to keep the prospect of reunification together by connecting the two sides-- it was ignored by both sides

When and why did the Anglo-Irish Civil War begin?

1918-- as Sinn Fein becomes the voice of Irish nationalism and sets up the IRA which proceeds to attack British police and officers in Ireland