Cardiovascular and Respiratory Exam Review

Flashcards for exam review.

Pulmonary arteries

carry deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs.

Heart valves

Designed to keep blood flowing in one direction.

Engina

Chest pain, a symptom of acute coronary disease.

Aneurysm

A blood vessel disease where there is a bulge in the wall of an artery.

Deep vein thrombosis

A blood vessel disease where a blood clot forms in a deep vein.

Parechymal cells

Cells responsible for the main functions of the lungs, such as gas exchange.

Parietal plura

The covering of the lungs closest to the chest wall.

Visera plura

The covering of the lungs closest to the lung tissue.

Spirometry

A procedure to diagnose lung disease.

Endotracheal intubation

medical procedure where a tube is inserted through the mouth or nose into the trachea to keep airway open

bronchosopy

a medical procedure that allows a doctor to examine the airways and lungs

Sickle cell

A blood disease involving abnormal red blood cells making them sticky and rigid

Hemochromatosis

A genetic disorder that causes the body to absorb too much iron from the diet.

Thrombocytosis

characterized by an increased tendency for blood to clot, increased platelets

Erythrocyte sedimentation (ESR)

blood test that measures how quickly red blood cells settle to the bottom of a tube of blood over one hour

Petechiae

small, pinpoint-sized red or purple spots that appear on the skin due to bleeding under the skin

Vegetations

abnormal mass or growth, particularly on heart valves, that's composed of fibrin, platelets, and potentially microorganisms

Embolism

blood vessel becomes blocked by a foreign substance or a blood clot traveling through the bloodstream

Systolic pressure

highest pressure in the arteries when the heart pumps blood throughout the body

Systemic circulation

pathway of blood flow that transports oxygen-rich blood from the heart to the body's tissues and organs, and then returns deoxygenated blood to the heart

pulmonary circulation

pathway responsible for transporting blood between the heart and the lungs, where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide

Hypertension

condition where the force of blood pushing against the artery walls is consistently too high

Cardiac biomarker

Substances released into the bloodstream when the heart is damaged or stressed, indicating potential cardiac issues

Pacemaker

Device inserted to restore normal heart rhythm.

Aorta

The main artery carrying oxygenated blood from the heart to the body.

Atherosclerosis

the buildup of fats, cholesterol and other substances in and on the artery walls

Endarterectomy

a surgical procedure that removes plaque buildup from the inside of an artery

Varicose veins

enlarged, twisted veins that typically appear in the legs, but can also occur in other parts of the body

Essential hypertension

High blood pressure with no known cause.

Premature atrial contraction(s) (PAC)

a common type of irregular heartbeat where the atria contract earlier than expected

Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI)

Insertion of a balloon-tipped catheter into a coronary artery to open it.

Atrioventricular (AV)

A term that relates to the atria and ventricles of the heart.

Mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

Occurs when the cusps of the mitral valve become enlarged and protrude into the left atrium.

Thromb/o

Combining form that means clot.

Sphygm/o

Combining form that means pulse.

Valvul/o

Combining form that means valve.

Palpitations

Uncomfortable sensations in the chest related to cardiac arrhythmias.

Interventricular septum

The wall between the ventricles of the heart.

Endocarditis

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart.

Sphygmomanometer

Instrument used to measure blood pressure.

Intermittent claudication

Cramplike pain in the calf muscles caused by exercise and relieved by rest.

Murmur

An abnormal, prolonged heart sound caused by incomplete closure of heart valves.

Hypercholesterolemia

Increased cholesterol in the blood.

Fibrillation

Rapid, random, inefficient contraction of the atria or ventricles.

Cardiac MRI

Beaming magnetic waves at the heart to produce an image

Doppler ultrasound

Focusing sound waves on a blood vessel to measure the velocity of blood flow.

Angiography

Injecting radiopaque dye to obtain x-ray visualization of the heart and large blood vessels.

Cardiac catheterization

Introducing a thin, flexible tube into a vein or artery and guiding it into the heart to detect pressures and patterns of blood flow.

Echocardiography

Using high-frequency sound waves to show the structure and movement of the heart chambers and valves.

Ischemia

Deficient blood supply to the myocardium.

Thrombotic occlusion

Blocking of an artery by a blood clot.

Atherosclerosis

Formation of fatty deposits on the inner lining of the coronary arteries.

Angina pectoris

Chest pain secondary to oxygen deprivation to the myocardium.

Cardiac tamponade

Compression of the heart caused by collection of fluid in the pericardial cavity.

Stethoscope

The instrument used to listen to the chest sounds.

Cyanosis

The condition inspiring the name blue babies due to the bluish cast of the skin from lack of adequate oxygen in the blood.

Tricuspid valve

Located between the right atrium and the right ventricle.

Pulmonary valve

Located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery

Mitral valve

Located between the left atrium and the left ventricle

Aortic valve

Located between the left ventricle and the aorta

Diastole

when the heart relaxes and fills with blood

what valves are open during diastole phase

atrioventricular valves (tricuspid and mitral)

systole

when the heart contracts and pumps blood out

what valves are open during systole phase

semilunar valves (aortic and pulmonary)

angioplasty

surgical repair of blood vessels

tachycardia

fast heart rate, typically more than 100 beats per minute

atrial flutter

a type of irregular heartbeat where the upper chambers of the heart beat rapidly and irregularly

atrial fibrillation

an irregular and often rapid heartbeat where the upper chambers of the heart quiver or fibrillate

pneumothorax

collapsed lung; can be caused by underlying lung diseases

pleural effusion

an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the pleural space

pluera

covering of lungs

spirometry

a pulmonary function test that measures how well your lungs work by assessing airflow into and out of the lungs

ventilation

the mechanical process of moving air into and out of the lungs, driven by pressure differences

diffusion

the movement of O2 and CO2 across the alveolar-capillary membrane due to pressure gradients, not mechanical force

hemophilia

a rare inherited bleeding disorder that prevents the blood from clotting properly

platelet storage

room temperature for up to 5 days

thalassemia

an inherited blood disorder where the body produces less hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that carries oxygen

composition of blood

plasma, red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

plasma

liquid, cell free part of blood that has been treated with anticoagulants

serum

liquid part of blood after coagulation, therefore devoid of clotting factors as fibrinogen

erythrocytes

red blood cells transport axygen and remove CO2; 7-8 micrometers

Leukocytes

white blood cells; fight off infections; 12 to 17 micrometers

Thrombocytes

colorless; clot blood; 2-4 micrometers

autologus transfusion

collecting a patient's own blood before surgery and reinfusing it back to them during or after the procedure

granulocytes

a type of white blood cell characterized by having small, visible granules (small particles) inside their cytoplasm

agranulocytes

a type of white blood cell that lacks distinct granules in its cytoplasm