OST American Government

Bill of Rights

The first ten amendments to the Constitution

1st Amendment

Freedom of Religion, Speech, Press, Assembly, and Petition

2nd Amendment

Right to bear arms

3rd Amendment

You do not have to house members of the military in your home

4th Amendment

Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures

5th Amendment

The Right to Remain Silent/Double Jeopardy, right to due process

6th Amendment

Right to a speedy trial

7th Amendment

The right to a trial by Jury in civil cases over $20.00

8th Amendment

No cruel or unusual punishment

9th Amendment

Citizens entitled to rights not listed in the Constitution

10th Amendment

Powers Reserved to the States

11th Amendment

One State cannot be sued by another state

12th Amendment

You cannot run for President and Vice President at the same time

13th Amendment

Slavery is illegal

14th Amendment

equal protection under the law for all citizens

15th Amendment

African American men can vote

16th Amendment

income tax is established

17th Amendment

Direct election of senators

18th Amendment

Prohibited the manufacture, sale, and distribution of alcoholic beverages

19th Amendment

Women have right to vote

20th Amendment

Changes the date on which the terms of the President and Vice President (January 20) and Senators and Representatives (January 3) end and begin.

21st Amendment

Alcohol is legal again

22nd Amendment

Limits the president to two terms.

23rd Amendment

Gives Washington DC the right to vote

24th Amendment

Abolishes poll taxes

25th Amendment

Sets up the Presidential succession

26th Amendment

Lowered the voting age from 21 to 18

27th Amendment

Congress cannot give themselves a raise, if they increase the salary for Congress it has to take effect for the next term

Reasoning behind the 12th amendment

Polititions were running for president and vice president at the same time

Reasoning behind the 18th amendment

There was a lot of violence and miss use of alcohol

Reasoning behind the 21st amendment

They saw that the economy was suffering becasue there was no sale of alcohol

Reasoning behind the 22nd amendment

FDR had served for 3 terms

Reasoning behind the 25th amendment

JFK assasination, His vice presdient was also ill with a heart condition and there was no one to go after the Vice President if he had died

Reasoning behind the 26th amendment

People had argued that 18 year olds could go to war, but they couldn't vote

Articles of Confederation

A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War.

Weaknesses of the Articles of Confederation

no power to tax, President lacked power, no money to buy ships or pay soldiers

Stregths of the Articles of Confederation

Constitutional Convention

A meeting in Philadelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution

James Madison

Father of the Constitution

Alexander Hamilton

1789-1795; First Secretary of the Treasury. He advocated creation of a national bank, assumption of state debts by the federal government, and a tariff system to pay off the national debt.

George Washington

1st President of the United States; commander-in-chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolution (1732-1799)

Thomas Jefferson

Wrote the Declaration of Independence

Declaration of Independence

the document recording the proclamation of the second Continental Congress (4 July 1776) asserting the independence of the colonies from Great Britain

Monarchy

A government ruled by a king or queen

Dictatorship

A form of government in which the leader has absolute power and authority.

Oligarchy

A government ruled by a few powerful people

Direct Democracy

Government in which citizens vote on laws and select officials directly.

Republic

A form of government in which citizens choose their leaders by voting

Confederation

A loose union of independent states

Theocracy

A government controlled by religious leaders

majority rule

Governance according to the expressed preferences of the majority.

free enterprise

Economic system in which individuals and businesses are allowed to compete for profit with a minimum of government interference

North West Ordinance

Enacted in 1787, it is considered one of the most significant achievements of the Articles of Confederation. It established a system for setting up governments in the western territories so they could eventually join the Union on an equal footing with the original 13 states

First 13 states

New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware, Maryland, South Carolina, Virgina, North Carolina, Georgia

bicameral legislature

a lawmaking body made up of two chambers or parts

Magna Carta

(1215) a charter of liberties (freedoms) that King John "Lackland" of Englad was forced to sign; it made the king obey the same laws as the citizens of his kingdom

Stamp Act

1765; law that taxed printed goods, including: playing cards, documents, newspapers, etc.

1st Continental Congress

On September 1774, delegates from 12 colonies gathered in Philadelphia. After debating, the delegates passed a resolution backing Mass. in its struggle. Decided to boycott all British goods and to stop exporting goods to Britain until the Intolerance Act was canceled.

2nd Continental Congress

Congress of American leaders which first met in 1775, declared independence in 1776, and helped lead the United States during the Revolution

Shays Rebellion

Rebellion led by Daniel Shays of farmers in western Massachusetts in 1786-1787, protesting mortgage foreclosures. It highlighted the need for a strong national government just as the call for the Constitutional Convention went out.

Vriginia Plan

Congress should be made up of two parts. (bicameral)

Representation would be based on population.

Larger states would have more reps and influence because of their bigger population

New Jersey Plan

A constitutional proposal that would have given each state one vote in a new congress

Great Compromise

1787; This compromise was between the large and small states of the colonies. The Great Compromise resolved that there would be representation by population in the House of Representatives, and equal representation would exist in the Senate. Each state, regardless of size, would have 2 senators. All tax bills and revenues would originate in the House. This compromise combined the needs of both large and small states and formed a fair and sensible resolution to their problems.

3/5ths Compromise

agreement providing that enslaved persons would count as three-fifths of other persons in determining representation in Congress

Federalist

supporters of the Constitution

Anti-Federalists

people who opposed the Constitution

Veto

Chief executive's power to reject a bill passed by a legislature

Congress override Federal and Ohio

Checks and Balances

A system that allows each branch of government to limit the powers of the other branches in order to prevent abuse of power

Unconstitutional

Contrary to what is permitted by the constitution

Surpremacy Clause

clause in the Constitution (Article VI) stating that all laws made furthering the Constitution and all treaties made under the authority of the U.S. are the "supreme law of the land"; federal law takes precedence over state law

Judicial Review

Allows the court to determine the constitutionality of laws

Marbury v. Madison

This case establishes the Supreme Court's power of Judicial Review

Electoral College

the body of electors who formally elect the United States president and vice-president

Republican

a person advocating or supporting republican government. Political Party

Democrat

an advocate or supporter of democracy. Political Party

expressed power

powers directly stated in the constitution

Implied power

power that Congress has that is not stated explicitly in the Constitution

inherent power

powers that are not directly stated in the Constitution but belong to the national government

Reserved power

Powers given to the state government alone

Full Faith and Credit Clause

Section of Article IV of the Constitution that ensures judicial decrees and contracts made in one state will be binding and enforceable in any other state.

Clause

a group of words with a subject and a verb

Mculloch v. Maryland

(1819) U.S. Supreme Court case that declared the Second Bank of the United States was constitutional and that Maryland could not interfere with it

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated.

3 branches of government

Legislative, Executive, Judicial

Legislative branch powers

Power to make laws, lay and collect taxes, impeach and remove officials, declare war, raise and support military, override vetoes, establish lower federal courts, confirm appointments, and ratify treaties

Executive Branch Powers

Power to execute or carry out laws, command the military, make treaties, appoint the military, make treaties, appoint federal judges and ambassadors, grant pardons and reprieves for federal crimes, veto legislation, call special sessions of congress, and report on the State of the Union

Judical Branch power

Constituents

The residents of a congressional district or state.

impeachment

A formal document charging a public official with misconduct in office

Senators

100 national, 2 each state

Congressmen

435 National , 16 state (Ohio)

Ohio 1802-1851 constitution

3 major changes in the ohio constituion

Number of districts in Ohio

16 districts

Gerrymandering

Process of redrawing legislative boundaries for the purpose of benefiting the party in power.

Fillibuster

the use of long speeches to prevent the vote on a bill

Expressed powers of congress

Powers stated in the Constitution; powers to collect taxes, establish army, establish postal system, make laws, and declare war

reserve requirement

the percentage of deposits that banking institutions must hold in reserve

Federal Reserve

the central bank of the United States