Looks like no one added any tags here yet for you.
sprain
ligaments reinforcing the joint are stretched and possibly torn
1st degree sprain
minor tear or stretch
2nd degree sprain
tear, followed by pain and swelling
3rd degree sprain
complete ligamentous rupture
4th degree sprain
complete rupture, along with some small bones
subluxation
partial dislocation of a joint
dislocation (luxation)
total malalignment of joint
• Usually requires medical treatment to reduce
plica
a flap of cartilage left over from fetal development
plica syndrome
• When a plica gets irritated and painful
• It is treated with rest, NSAIDs, physical therapy and as a last resort, surgery to remove the plica.
BEAR technique
• Bridge Enhanced ACL Repair
• Uses stem cells to repair ACL
• Still only done in children, and only in select hospitals
bursitis
inflammation of the bursae
arthritis
inflammation of the joint
osteoarthritis
wear and tear arthritis
• Single joint specific, not systemic
rheumatoid arthritis
autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks synovial joints (diarthroses)
gout
uric acid crystalizes in the joints
• The crystals are sharp and very irritating to the joint capsule
• Distal joints are the most affected
epimysium
surrounds entire muscle
perimysium
surrounds each fascicle
endomysium
surrounds each muscle cell
connective tissue sheaths
are continuous with tendons
contractibility
ability to shorten to generate force
excitability
ability to react to a stimulus (i.e. electrical nerve impulse)
extensibility
Ability to be stretched
elasticity
ability to recoil after being stretched
hyperplasia
increase in fiber number
hypertrophy
appears to represent an increase in fiber diameter
birds and amphibians
can grow new muscle fibers
sarcomere
The basic unit of contraction of skeletal muscle
thin (actin) filaments
extend from Z disc toward the center of the sarcomere
thick (myosin) filaments
located in the center of the sarcomere
• overlap inner ends of the thin filaments
elastic (titin) filaments
located between the myosin filament and the end of the sarcomere
• Function to hold the myosin in place in the center of the sarcomere
z disc (z line)
boundaries of each sarcomere
A bands
full length of the thick filament
• Includes inner end of thin filaments
• Red stripe
H zone
center part of A band where no thin filaments occur
M line
center of the H-zone
• contains tiny rods that hold thick filaments together
I band
region with only thin filaments
• lies within two adjacent sarcomeres
• white stripe
sarcoplasmic reticulum
An elaborate smooth endoplasmic reticulum made of interconnecting tubules
•Contains calcium ions – released when muscle is stimulated to contract
•Calcium ions diffuse through cytoplasm
•Trigger the sliding filament mechanism
interconnecting tubules
• surround each myofibril
• Most run longitudinally along the myofibril
terminal cisternae
tubules that form form larger ^ cross-channels between the A and I bands
occur in pairs on either side of a T tubule
muscle contraction
• Ultimately controlled by nerve-generated impulse
• Impulse travels along the sarcolemma of the muscle cell
• Impulses further conducted by T tubules
t tubule
a deep invagination of the sarcolemma
myosin heads
• attach to actin in the thin filaments (i.e. form crossbridges)
• then pivot to pull thin filaments inward toward the center of the sarcomere
motor unit
A single motor neuron and all fibers it innervates comprised of:
• The cell body of the alpha efferent neuron
• The axon
• All muscle fibers innervated by the axon
motor units
# of fibers in the MU depends on how precise/powerful the movements are that the muscle normally does
• are confined to 1 muscle
quads, gastroc, hamstrings
> 1500 fibers/ mu
hand muscles
< 100 fibers/mu
twitch-type
responds to a single stimulus
tonic-type
need multiple stimuli to contract
eye muscles
summation
building tension in an additive fashion in response to repeated stimulation
section B
tetanus
state of sustained max tension resulting from repetitive stimulation
all myosin are bonded so no more force
skeletal muscle fibers categorized by
• How they manufacture energy
• How quickly they contract
3 classes of skeletal muscle fibers
• Slow oxidative fibers (type I)
• Fast oxidative glycolytic fibers (type IIA)
• Fast glycolytic fibers (Type IIB)- white meat
type 1
slow twitch muscle fibers
usually aerobic; you can do for a very long time
type IIA
moderate fast-twitch muscle fibers
almost all the compound exercises, pushups, pull-ups, squats, and dips
type IIB
sprints, pylometrics, heavy lifting, weight calisthenics, and hard bodyweight variations