History 4/5/6

Babylon

The first place liberated in the Assyrian empire (626 bce)

Medes

a Southwest Asian people who helped to destroy the Assyrian Empire in 612 bee

Cyrus the Great

A remarkable leader who managed to reunite the Persian Empire in a powerful kingdom. Under Cyrus, Persia began building an empire larger than any yet seen in the world

The temple

The holy place in Jerusalem where Jewish people gathered to worship God. Rebuilt by Cyrus after he ended the Babylonian captivity.

Zoroastrianism

A religion that developed in early Persia based on the teachings of Zoroaster that stressed the personal responsibility to choose between the forces of good and the forces of evil.

Magi

Priests of the ancient Persian religion of Zoroastrianism who paid special attention to the stars.

Satraps

Persian administrators, usually members of the royal family, who governed a satrapy.

Satrapy

one of the 20 provinces into which Darius divided the Persian Empire

Darius

The third king of the Persian Empire. He ruled the empire at its peak. He organized the empire by dividing it into provinces and placing satraps to govern it. He organized a new uniform money system, along with making Aramaic the official language of the empire. He also worked on construction projects throughout the empire.

Zoroaster

The founder of Persia's classical pre-Islamic religion, Zoroastrianism.

Avestas

The religious book of Zoroastrians that contains a collection of sacred texts

Ahura Mazda

Main god of Zoroastrianism who represented truth and goodness and was perceived to be in an eternal struggle with the malign spirit Angra Mainyu.

King Phillip

Alexander the Great's father

Alexander the Great

Needs to unify the greeks, gives them a common enemy of the Persians.

Assyrian Empire

an empire which dominated N. Mesopotamia with their main capital at Nineveh on the Tigris river. They ruled by fear and were extremely brutal. Started from a base in northern Mesopotamia in 900bce. They wanted control of all of the main 3 fertile crescent rivers. Began a campaign of expansion and domination. They used almost constant warfare and their military success was mainly due to large size, sophistication, and effective organization. They co ordinated their siege and war efforts and created a bunch of siege warfare that had not been previously used.

Israel

an ancient kingdom of the Hebrew tribes at the southeastern end of the Mediterranean Sea. Attacked by assyrians in 722bce. Assyria used them as an example of what would happen if you betray them. Called "the 10 lost tribes"

Systematic deportations

Partially to make conquered people miserable, Split groups, Split off leaders from the groups. They were also moved for economic goals like where they are needed or where they worked best. Why: Split rebellions, Shift workers, Reward your people with the stolen land.

Ninevah

Assyrian empire capital city located on the Tigris

NeoBabylonian Empire

Leader was Nebuchadnezzar, They conquered the whole Hebrew land, Went the brutality route for ruling.

Nebuchadnezzar

A Babylonian ruler who was married as a peace treaty, Destroyed THE TEMPLE, Practiced widespread deportations.

Babylonian Captivity

Widespread deportations of jews, AKA "the exile" (586-538 bce)

Harappans

People whose civilization flourished in India between 2800 and 1800 B.C.E.they are the one of the oldest civilization developed near the bank of Indus river. Mysteriously disappeared.

Aryan

The dominant people in north India after the decline of the harappans, Flourished during the Vedic age (1500-500 bce)

The Vedic age

c. 1500-500 bce, named for the vedas. The Indo-Aryan development of the caste system and the brahmanic religion. Also the writing of the great epics that represent the earliest form of Indian literature.

Vedas

A large body of ancient works written in Sanskrit.

Caste System

A socio economic group of equals defined by heredity. They can't share meals or intermarry between castes. They have the same amount of responsibility and power per person in the same caste.

-Brahman

-Kshatryia

-Vaishya

-Shudra

Brahman caste

the first of the four classes of the caste system, traditionally made up of priests. the last caste before your soul is released

Kshatriya

the second of the four classes of the caste system, traditionally made up of warriors and administrators

Vaisha

The third caste, and the equivalent of the middle class. They were merchants, artisans, land owners, and farmers.

Shudra

the lowest of the four classes of the caste system, traditionally made up of servants and laborers

Indo-Aryans

People who developed Brahmanism, Hinduism, Buddhism, and Sanskrit

Mauryan Empire

The first state to unify most of the Indian subcontinent. It was founded by Chandragupta Maurya in 324 B.C.E. and survived until 184 B.C.E. From its capital at Pataliputra in the Ganges Valley it grew wealthy from taxes.

Chandragupta Maurya

founder of the Mauryan Empire, was a good leader, popular, devout Jainist, Grandfather of Ashoka

Ashoka

Leader of the Mauryan dynasty of India who conquered most of India but eventually gave up violence and converted to Buddhism. Paid for the establishment of Buddhist missions

Mohenjo-Daro

Largest city of the Indus Valley civilization. It was centrally located in the extensive floodplain of the Indus River. Little is known about the political institutions of Indus Valley communities, but the large-scale implies central planning.

Sanskrit

An ancient form of writing and speaking

Brahmanism

religion of Vedic India, based on priests and rituals, particularly sacrifices to the gods. Used the caste system and believed in karma, atman, samsara, and dharma.

atman

Your soul/spirit

-always existed

-will forever exist

-transcendent

Sutras

The written teachings of the Buddha, first transcribed in the second or first century B.C.E.

Brahman

-unchanging ultimate reality

-indescribable

-state of being

karma

The tally of good and bad deeds you do (scorecard), what you put out in the world has consequences.

dharma

The rules to follow for each caste. If you follow dharma, you have good karma.

samsara

the endless cycle of birth and suffering and death and rebirth. Ended by finishing the caste system and being released.

Rig Veda

The first scripture in Hinduism, it has information about spiritual, scientific, and philosophy. A lot like genesis; has creation story, flood story, explains the natural world, history books, etc

Siddhartha Gautama aka the Buddha

- born the son of a warrior chief, left home to become a wandering ascetic, nearly starved himself to death, reached enlightenment under a tree in Bodh Gaya, started preaching sermons shortly thereafter, taught for the next 45 years, attracted mostly shudra and vaishya

Buddism

A religion based on the teachings of Buddha that originated in India and spread to China and Japan. Each person must reach their own enlightenment, it's okay to follow local gods, response to Brahmanism.

buddist monks

Moved around 6 months of the year, begging for 1 meal each day, they could wear clothes and bathe, main ritual was recitation of the shudras,

bodhisattvas

Buddhas-to-be who stayed in the world after enlightenment to help others on the path to salvation

the middle path

The path that all Buddhists want to follow; not too much pleasure, and not too much suffering. (Seek, but seek wisely)

the 4 noble truths

1. pain and suffering are inescapable parts of human life

2. suffering is caused by human desires and attachments

3. people can understand these weaknesses and triumph over them

4. triumph is made possible by following the eightfold path

Jainism

teaches there is a hierarchy of souls - eternal reality

Jains have a broader view of rebirth, considered all life sacred, promoted vegetarianism, had monks and nuns, response to Brahmanism.

the eightfold path

1. Right belief -suffering is universal

2. Right aspiration -prepare for enlightenment

3. Right speech -speak kindly

4. Right conduct -act honestly

5. Right means of livelihood -avoid occupations that harm others

6. Right endeavor -avoid temptations

7. Right memory -focus on important issues

8. Right meditation -total discipline of the mind, body, and spirit

jainism rebirth

-Kinda like animism

-spiritual realm in everything

-higher degree of awareness

-goal is for your soul to be released from all forms of matter

-more karma -bad

-less karma -good

-soul is helium ballon -less karma, more helium

-life goal is to snip ropes, by following the 5 great vows

5 Great Vows

MAIN ONE WE LEARNED IN CLASS:

𝘾𝙤𝙢𝙥𝙡𝙚𝙩𝙚 𝙣𝙤𝙣-𝙫𝙞𝙤𝙡𝙚𝙣𝙘𝙚

1. Do not injure other life-forms

2. Avoid lying

3. Do not take what has not been given

4. Renounce sexual activity

5. Renounce possession

Vardhamana Mahavira

Indian ascetic philosopher and the principal founder of Jainism

-Son of a chief and member of Kshatriyas

-left home to become an ascetic

-traveled thru Ganges until he found enlightenment

-taught for about 30 years and created an order of monks

Jainism key parts

1. accepted karma

2. humans, animals, plants, and inanimate objects all have souls

3. Souls sink or rise depending on how much accumulated karma they have.

4. an ascetic who willingly undertakes suffering, can dissipate some of the accumulated karma

5. if the soul is liberated, it becomes lighter and floats up to the top of the universe where it remains in bliss

Hinduism

response to Buddhism and Jainism,

asceticism

severe self-discipline and avoidance of all forms of indulgence, typically for religious reasons.

ascetic

One who leads a life of self-denial and contemplation; absent of luxury