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Action Research

An inquiry conducted by educators in their own settings in order to advance their practice and improve their students' learning.

Self-assessment

A technique where students reflect on their own learning process to identify their strengths and weaknesses.

Peer assessment

A technique where students assess each other’s work and provide feedback.

Pretest

A diagnostic assessment conducted before an intervention to measure the initial level of skill.

Posttest

An assessment conducted after an intervention to measure the improvement in skill.

Independent variable

The variable that is manipulated in an experiment; in this context, the intervention technique.

Dependent variable

The variable being measured in an experiment; in this context, the skill such as speaking or writing.

Quantitative study

A research method that deals with numbers and measurable forms.

Cyclical process

A process that has no definitive beginning or end, continuously reflecting on and improving one's practice.

Research problem statement

A section of a research report that articulates the issue being investigated and justifies its relevance.

Educational Research

All types of research connected to education.

Rubric

A scoring guide used to evaluate the quality of students' work.

Fluency

The ability to speak or write smoothly, easily, and expressively.

Constructivist

An approach to learning where students construct their own understanding and knowledge through experiences.

Demographic variables

Characteristics of individuals or groups that are used to identify and analyze, such as age, gender, and educational background.

Intervention

The specific actions taken to bring about change in a classroom or learning environment.

Critical reflection

The process of reflecting on one’s actions and experiences to evaluate and improve future practices.

Statistical analysis

The process of using statistical methods to collect, review, and analyze data.

Research question

A question that a research project aims to answer, framing the purpose of the study.

Test design

The process of creating assessments that measure the knowledge, skills, and abilities of students.