Chem 40A functional groups

R

Some unspecified carbon containing group

X

Some unspecified halogen

carbonyl group

C=O

alkane

single bonds

sp^3 carbons

alkene

double bond

sp2 carbons

alkyne

triple bond

sp carbons

aromatic

contains a benzene ring

alcohol

R-OH

only sp3 hybridized carbons

thioalcohol (thiol)

R-SH

only sp3 hybridized carbons

ester

RCOOR

only sp3 hybridized carbons

sulfide

R-S-R

only sp3 hybridized carbons

phenol

only sp3 hybridized carbons

aldehyde

RCHO

only sp2 hybridized carbons

ketone

RCOR

only sp2 hybridized carbons

amide

RCONH2, RCONHR, RCONHR2

Primary amide

When a nitrogen is bonded to a carbonyl group and two Hs

Secondary Amide

Nitrogen is bound to a carbonyl group, R and H

Tertiary Amide

Nitrogen is bound to a carbonyl group, and two Rs

amine

RNH2, RNHR, R3N

Primary amine

Nitrogen has two H's and one R

teritary amine

Nitrogen bonded to three Rs

Secondary amine

Nitrogen has one H and two Rs

ether

C-O-C

methyl

CH3

ethyl

CH3CH2

Phosphate ion

PO4 3-

carbonxylic acid

COOH

n-propyl

CH3CH2CH2

n-butyl

CH3CH2CH2CH2

tert-butyl

iso propyl

on the second carbon

isobutane

butane, on second C

2n +2

n=amount of carbons, to figure out number of hydeorgens

methane

1 Carbon

ethane

2 carbon

propane

3 carbon

butane

4 carbon

pentane

5 carbon

hexane

6 carbon

heptane

7 carbon

octane

8 carbon

nonane

9 carbon

decane

10 carbon

Primary carbon

a carbon bonded to only one other carbon

Secondary Carbon

carbon bonded to two other carbons

Tertiary Carbon

carbon bonded to three other carbons

quarternary carbon

bonded to four other carbons

When do we stop using this naming terminology for carbon?

As soon as carbon is doubly or triply bonded

How are hydrogens charcterized?

To the type of carbon they're bonded to. Ex: Secondary carbon= Secondary Hydrogen

*Quarternary Carbon=0 Hydrogens