sociology yayaya

deviance

the recognized violation of cultural norms

formal sanctions

sanctions imposed by persons given special authority (like laws)

informal sanctions

rewards or punishments that can be applied by most members of a group (like gossiping, sneering, etc)

Formal social control

Official attempts to discourage certain behaviors and visibly punish others; most often exercised by the state

Informal social control

social control that is carried out casually by ordinary people through such means as laughter, smiles, and ridicule

victimless crime

the willing exchange among adults of widely desired, but illegal, goods and services. (like drugs)

hate crime

a crime motivated by racial, sexual, or other prejudice, typically one involving violence.

Social Disorganization Theory

a theory that asserts crime occurs in communities with weak social ties and the absence of social control

labeling theory

the idea that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions

Power Elite Theory

The view that a small handful of wealthy, influential Americans exercises extensive control over government decisions.

strain theory

theory that deviance is more likely to occur when a gap exists between cultural goals and the ability to achieve these goals by legitimate means

Stratification

the uneven distribution of resources and privileges among participants in a group or culture

Type of stratification systems

Class, slavery, estate, caste

life chances

the opportunities people have to provide themselves with material goods, positive living conditions, and favorable life experiences

achieved status

a status into which one enters; voluntary status

ascribed status

a status into which one is born; involuntary status

Income vs wealth

Income is how much one earns, wealth is how much one owns such as houses, cars, personal belongings

class consciousness

the awareness of one's rank in society

false consciousness

situation in which people in the lower classes come to accept a belief system that harms them; the primary means by which powerful classes in society prevent protest and revolution

feminization of poverty

The increasing concentration of poverty among women, especially unmarried women and their children

Stratification (Davis-Moore)

inequality is necessary for a stable society

Race vs. Ethnicity

Race refers to a person's physical characteristics, such as bone structure and skin, hair, or eye color. Ethnicity, however, refers to cultural factors, including nationality, regional culture, ancestry, and language.

Racism

Belief that one race is superior to another

racial steering

the act of real estate agents directing homeowners toward or away from certain neighborhoods based on their race

Majority-Minority

minorities are the majority

Stereotypes

generalizations about groups that are often applied to individual group members.

scapegoat theory

prejudice offers an outlet for anger by providing someone to blame

Prejudice vs. Discrimination

prejudice is a negative attitude, discrimination is a negative behavior

institutional racism

patterns of discrimination based on ethnicity that have become structured into existing social institutions

Sex vs. Gender

sex is biological; gender is the predetermined roles for men and women in the community

gender roles

sets of behavioral norms assumed to accompany one's status as male or female

sexual orientation

a person's romantic and emotional attraction to another person

gender identity

one's sense of being male or female

sexism

prejudice against ones's sex

ambilineal descent

flexible descent rule, neither patrilineal nor matrilineal

patrilineal descent

a system of tracing descent through the father's side of the family

bilateral descent

a kinship system in which both sides of a person's family are regarded as equally important

family of orientation

the family in which a person grows up

family of procreation

the family formed when a couple's first child is born

Kinship

blood relationship

Matrilocal

refers to the pattern in which married couples live with or near the wives' parents

Patrilocal

refers to the pattern in which married couples live with or near the husbands' parents

Polygamy

Having more than one spouse

Polygyny

One male, several females.

Polyandry

One female, several males.

joint family

family organization in which several generations share a common dwelling

nuclear family

Mother, father and children living as a unit

Family Challenges

divorce rates, intimate partner violence and child abuse

variation in family life

single parent, blended families, etc

Credentialism

a process of social selection in which class advantage and social status are linked to the possession of academic qualifications

cultural capital

Benefits one receives from knowledge, abilities, and skills

social placement

the use of education to improve one's social standing

latent functions of education

restricting some activities, matchmaking and production of social networks, creating a generation gap

issues in education

social promotion, plessy v fergusson

fertility rate

the average number of children a woman of childbearing years would have in her lifetime

mortality rate

the number of deaths per thousand

Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

sex ratio

the ratio of males to females in a population (1 m for every 100 f)

Malthusian Theory

Starvation is the inevitable result of population growth, because the population increases at a geometric rate while food supply can only increase arithmetically

zero population growth

A decline of the total fertility rate to the point where the natural increase rate equals zero.

enviromental racism

any environmental policy or practice that negatively affects individuals, groups, or communities because of their race or ethnicity

White Flight

working and middle-class white people move away from racial-minority suburbs or inner-city neighborhoods to white suburbs and exurbs

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

types of crowds

casual, conventional, expressive, acting

Acting crowds

crowds of people who are focused on a specific action or goal

expressive crowds

crowds who share opportunities to express emotions (etc. political rallies, Mardi Gras)

casual crowds

people who share close proximity without really interacting

conventional crowds

people who come together for a regularly scheduled event

Types of movement

alternative, reform, redemptive, revolutionary, resistance

Alternative movement

a social movement that focuses on bringing about limited changes in people

Reform Movements

movements that seek to change something specific about the social structure

redemptive movement

a social movement which seeks to change people completely

revolutionary movement

collective action that attempts to overthrow an entire social system and replace it with another

Resistance Movements

those who seek to prevent or undo change to the social structure

diagnostic framing

when the social problem is stated in a clear, easily understood manner

motivational framing

call to action

prognostic framing

social movements that state a clear solution and a means of implementation

value-added theory

theory holding that certain conditions must exist for social movements to occur

resource mobilization theory

Focus on factors that help/hinder a social movement like access to resources