Bio U1 Test

What are zygosporangia?

structures that produce spores for zygomycota/conjugation fungi

General characteristics of an **animal**

Multicellular eukaryotes, cells w/o cell walls, heterotrophic, advanced sensory ability, most are motile at some stage

What are the developmental milestones?

Body Plan, Nerves, Germ Layers, Coelom, Embryonic Development

What is the common ancestor of ALL animals?

A colonial protist, an aggregate of identical cells

What are the two types of body type symmetry?

Radical (symmetry around central axis) and Bilateral (symmetry along midline)

What phyla do not exhibit bilateral symmetry?

Porifera, Cnidaria, Echinodermata,

What phylum doesn’t have any nerves?

Porifera

What are the three germ layers?

Endoderm (inner), mesoderm (middle), ectoderm (outer)

What phyla don’t have three germ layers?

Porifera and cnidarians

What phyla don’t have coeloms?

Sponges, jellies, and platyhelminthes

What are the two types of embryonic development

Protostome (mouth before anus) and deuterostomes (anus before mouth)

Characteristic and example of Porifera

Most hermaphroditic, ex: sponges

Characteristic and example of Cnidarines

All have tentecles stinging cells (jellies)

Which phyla are within the Protostome Invertebrate group?

Worms: Nematoda, Annelida, Platyhelminthes. Not worms: Anthropoda, Mollusca, Rotifera

Characteristic and example of Platyhelminthes

Acoelomates, Ex: tapeworms

Characteristic and example of Nematoda

Unsegmented, ex: dog heartworms

Characteristic and example of Annelida

Segmented, ex: earthworms

Characteristic and example of Arthropoda

Exoskeleton, ex: Lobster

Mollusca

Soft bodied, ex: slug

Rotifera

Cilia to collect food, ex:

What phyla are part of the Deuterostome group?

Echinodermata and Chordata

Major difference between primitive and evolved Chordata is…

Primitive: No spine/vertebrae, has dorsol nerve cord and notochord. Evolved: has vertebrae

Characteristic and example of Echnidermata

Exoskeleton, ex: starfish

Are most chordates vertebrates?

Yessir

General characteristics of a plant

Multicellular, autotrophic, cellulose in cell wall, protected embryos

What is the order that the phyla appeared in? (Plant Kingdom)

Bryophytes, Lycophytes/Pterophytes, Gymnosperms, Angiosperms

Characteristic and example of Bryophytes

Non vascular, have spores, grow in moist shady areas. Ex: moss

What does 'vascular’ mean?

Has tubes to transport water and sugars

Characteristic and example of Lycophytes and Pterophytes

Earliest vascular plants but still need to be close to water, have spores. Ex: ferns

Characteristic and example of Gymnosperms

seed/cone-bearing, appeared b/c of cooling climate. Ex: white pine

Characteristic and example of Angiosperms

Flowering plants, protect the seed within fruit, coevolved with insects. Divided into two categories, monocotyledons (ex: ) and dicotyledons (ex:)

What are angiosperms seperated into

Monocots and dicots

What are some significances of fungi?

Ecosystems (they are decomposers/help cycle nutrients), Symbiosis (w/plants), Disease (plants and animals), Food (truffles, beer), Drugs (penicillin)

General characteristics of fungi

heterotrophic, eukaryotic, MOST multicellular, food stored as glycogen, cell walls w/chitin, complicated life cycles.

How does yeast reproduce?

Budding

What is mycelium?

A branching networks of filaments making up the body of a fungus (all the hyphae?)

What is hypha?

A thin filament making up the mycelium

Which parts of the fungus may be hidden underground?

It’s feeding parts

Fungi are made of what two parts

Feeding and reproductive

Cell-like structures of a fungi are seperated by walls called what?

Septa

How do fungi feed?

Extracellular/External Digestion

What is extracellular/external digestion

when a fungi excretes enzymes to digest food and then absorbs the resulting nutrients through it’s hyphae

What does saprophytic mean

that they feed on dead or decaying matter

What are mycotoxins

Fungal toxins

What are the 5 major Fungi phyla?

Club fungi/Basidiomycota, Sac Fungi/Ascomycota, Conjugation Fungi/Zygomycota, Cytrids/Chytridiomycota, Glomeromycota

What are basidia?

Small club-like structures that produce basidiospores

Characteristic and example of Ascomycota/sac fungi

produce their spores in pods/sac-like structures called asci, can be made into antibiotics, some cause serious plant diseases. Ex: truffels

What are asci?

special pods or sac-like structure that produce spores for ascomycota/sac fungi

Characteristic and example of Zygomycota/Conjugation fungi

Most are soil fungi, produce spores in small structures (zygosporangia), many are insect parasites. Ex: bread mould

What is a symbiotic relationship?

Intimate association between two or more species

What is mycorrhiza

fungus and plant root symbiosis

Describe Fungus and plant root’s symbiotic relationship

The hyphae from the fungus helps the plants absord nutrients. The plant provides sugars for the fungi.

What does Mutualistic mean

When the parties in a symbiotic relationship are both happy

What are Lichens

A composite organisme where a fungus interacts with a photosynthetic partner

What are 3 fungal diseases

ringworm, athlete’s foot, and yeast infections

Fungal diseases are an example of what?

parasitic symbiosis

What is ringworm

fungus that causes a parasitic infection of the skin (theyre dermatophytes)

What is athletes foot?

Fungal infection of the skin causing scaling, flaking and itching of affected areas. Transmitted in moist environments

What is a virus?

Microscopic entities that live in a living host.

What aspects of a virus make it seem alive?

They are not alive but they do reproduce and evolve

What is a capsid

Outer protein coat

What is a virus made up of?

Capsid and nucleic acid

What is nucleic acid?

DNA or RNA, either single or double stranded, linear or circular

What is an enveloope?

An external membrane that some viruses have

What is a retrovirus

An RNA virus

Virus can be classified based on their…?

Capsid shape

What are the different capsid shapes?

Polyhedral, Filamentous/helical, spherical, head and tail

Most viruses have what type of genetic material?

RNA

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What happens when a virus is injected into the host?

Their genetic material is added to the hosts DNA

Which type of virus has a higher mutation rate?

RNA

How do viruses reproduce

Lytic cycle

Each virus is specific to what?

It’s host cell

What does the virus do to the host cell during reproduction?

Kills it and turns it into a virus making factory

What are the 5 main steps of the lytic cycle

Attachment, Entry of phage DNA and degredation of host DNA, Synthesis of viral genomes and proteins, Assembly, Release.

Viruses that remain inactive for generations go through what cycle?

the lysogenic cycle

How does the lysogenic cycle work?

when new viral DNA is created and released by host cells the host cell doesnt die. This host cell divides and it’s daughter cells will have the same DNA. Eventually they’ll go through the lytic cycle

Examples of proviruses

HIV and herpes

What is a provirus

a virus that remains inactive for many generations

How can viruses be transmitted?

Bitten by infected animal, exchange of bodily fluids, airborne/contact, direct contact

What type(s) of virus is HIV?

Retrovirus and provirus

What’s a vaccine

a mixture of weakend forms or parts of a virus, being exposed to it triggers an immune response w/o causing an infection

What is recombinant DNA

DNA mixed from different sources

How do you quickly clone DNA

A gene can be added into viral DNA so it’s quickly replicated

What is a Bacteriophage

A specific type of virus that invades bacterial cells

What are Viroids

A small infectious piece of RNA that causes diseases in plants

What is a Prion

Abnormally shaped infectious proteins,

Prions are responsible for what diseases?

Brain diseases in mammals (like mad cow disease)

What characteristics do archea share with bacteria

prokaryotic, reproduce through binary fission, have a cell wall

General characteristics of Archea

prokaryotic, reproduce through binary fission, have a cell wall, extermophiles,

are archea more different from bacteria than plants and animals?

Yes, both biochemically and genetically

Archea are classified based on what

the unique molecules they contain

Archaea was believed to be what

unusually shaped bacteria

What are the main groups of Archaea

methanogens, halophiles, extreme thermophiles, and psychrophiles/cryophiles.

What are methanogens

methane producing archaea

what are halophiles

salt loving archaea

what are extreme thermophiles

archaea that normally love heat and acid

what are psychrophiles/cryophiles

cold loving archaea

General characteristics of bacteria

prokaryotic, single cell or colonies, most are not harmful to humans (produce food, etc), a few bacteria are pathogenic (disease causing)

How do we classify bacteria?

based on cell shape, cell wall contents, and energy requirements

what are the different bacteria shapes

cocci (sphere), bacili (rod) and spiral