Seedless vascular plants

Protracheophytes

Extinct intermediary group between SVP and NVP, evolved hydroids with small amounts of lignin

Seedless vascular plants / Tracheophytes

Evolved tracheid
Helped expand plants onto land and stabilize O2 in the atomsphere; Basis for the web of terrestrial life; Led to plants father away from water

Cooksonia

First SVP; Has stem, trachied, no roots and leaves, homosporous; extincked

Two major SVP clades

Lycophyta and monilophtyes; these groups made up huge trees that dominated the land; became big to compete for sun

425 MYA

SVP growth began and planet is tropical

360 MYA

Carboníferos era; increase in oxygen led to massive insects and amphibans; lasted till 300 MYA as climate cooled because Megaphylls absorbed the CO2; SVP died down due to lack of water needed for external fertilziation

Lycophytes

Roots; Microphyll leaves; Ancestral cones called strobilus;

Strobilus / Cone

Sporangia with leaved clusted at the branch tip; increases spore production and succesful reproduction

Salgeninela

A lycophyte; evolved heterospory

Heterospory

A megaspore and megasporanigum and microspore and microsporangium; resulted in better dispersal of spores; a key step in interal fertilziation

Monilophytes

Ferns, Horsetails, and Whisk ferns; Megaphylls, Roots from stem, Root hairs from rhizoid, and lateral sporangia;

Ferns

Fiddleheads, which are coiled megaphyls; Sori, clusters of sporgania under the leaf that protect and flick spores; Indusium, Cover that protected sori, not always present; heart shaped gametophyte

Horsetails

Silica; Sporagiophore; Reduced megalphylls; Strong rhizome; Jointed stem; homosporous cones;

Whisk ferns

Tropical; Stem only, no roots or leaves; homosporous; sporangia on enations