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Marbury v. Madison 1803
Established judicial review
Clause: Article III
Idea: Judicial power
McCulloch v. Maryland 1819
Congress can create a national bank, states cannot tax it
Clause: Necessary and Proper Supremacy
Idea: Federal power
US v. Lopez 1995
Limited Congress' power under the Commerce Clause
Clause: Commerce Clause
Idea: Federalism limits
Citizens United v. FEC 2010
Background: Citizens United challenged restrictions on political spending by corporations.
Clause: First Amendment (Free Speech).
Main Idea: Held that corporate funding of independent political broadcasts cannot be limited.
Baker v. Carr 1962
Background: Charles Baker argued that Tennessee’s apportionment ignored population shifts, diluting voters’ rights.
Clause: Equal Protection Clause.
Main Idea: Opened the door for federal courts to address redistricting issues ("one person, one vote").
Engel v. Vitale 1962
Background: New York state schools required a nondenominational prayer, which parents challenged.
Clause: Establishment Clause.
Main Idea: Ruled that school-led prayer in public schools is unconstitutional.
Giden v. Wainwright 1963
Background: Gideon was denied an attorney in his felony trial because he couldn’t afford one.
Clause: Sixth Amendment (Right to Counsel).
Main Idea: Guaranteed the right to an attorney for defendants unable to afford one.
New York Times Co. v. United States 1971
Background: The government tried to prevent the New York Times from publishing the Pentagon Papers.
Clause: First Amendment (Freedom of the Press).
Main Idea: Reaffirmed strong protections against prior restraint by the government.
Shaw v. Reno 1993
Background: North Carolina's congressional redistricting created a bizarrely shaped district to increase minority representation.
Clause: Equal Protection Clause.
Main Idea: Ruled that racial gerrymandering violates the Fourteenth Amendment.
Schenck v. United States 1919
Background: Schenck distributed anti-draft pamphlets during WWI, which led to charges under the Espionage Act.
Clause: First Amendment (Free Speech).
Main Idea: Established the "clear and present danger" test, limiting speech in cases of national security.
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