Essentials quiz #4

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Marbury v. Madison 1803

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1

Marbury v. Madison 1803

Established judicial review

Clause: Article III

Idea: Judicial power

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2

McCulloch v. Maryland 1819

Congress can create a national bank, states cannot tax it

Clause: Necessary and Proper Supremacy

Idea: Federal power

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3

US v. Lopez 1995

Limited Congress' power under the Commerce Clause

Clause: Commerce Clause

Idea: Federalism limits

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4

Citizens United v. FEC 2010

Background: Citizens United challenged restrictions on political spending by corporations.

Clause: First Amendment (Free Speech).

Main Idea: Held that corporate funding of independent political broadcasts cannot be limited.

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5

Baker v. Carr 1962

Background: Charles Baker argued that Tennesseeā€™s apportionment ignored population shifts, diluting votersā€™ rights.

Clause: Equal Protection Clause.

Main Idea: Opened the door for federal courts to address redistricting issues ("one person, one vote").

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6

Engel v. Vitale 1962

Background: New York state schools required a nondenominational prayer, which parents challenged.

Clause: Establishment Clause.

Main Idea: Ruled that school-led prayer in public schools is unconstitutional.

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7

Giden v. Wainwright 1963

Background: Gideon was denied an attorney in his felony trial because he couldnā€™t afford one.

Clause: Sixth Amendment (Right to Counsel).

Main Idea: Guaranteed the right to an attorney for defendants unable to afford one.

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8

New York Times Co. v. United States 1971

Background: The government tried to prevent the New York Times from publishing the Pentagon Papers.

Clause: First Amendment (Freedom of the Press).

Main Idea: Reaffirmed strong protections against prior restraint by the government.

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9

Shaw v. Reno 1993

Background: North Carolina's congressional redistricting created a bizarrely shaped district to increase minority representation.

Clause: Equal Protection Clause.

Main Idea: Ruled that racial gerrymandering violates the Fourteenth Amendment.

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10

Schenck v. United States 1919

Background: Schenck distributed anti-draft pamphlets during WWI, which led to charges under the Espionage Act.

Clause: First Amendment (Free Speech).

Main Idea: Established the "clear and present danger" test, limiting speech in cases of national security.

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