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culture
The shared practices, values, and beliefs of a group
melting pot
of diverse cultures blending together. nativism
nativism
The policy of protecting the interests of native-born or established inhabitants against those of immigrants.
immigration
The process of individuals moving to a foreign country to live permanently or temporarily, often seeking better opportunities.
emigration
The act of leaving one's resident country to live elsewhere, often for economic or social reasons.
push factors
Conditions that drive individuals to leave their home country, such as economic hardship or political instability.
pull factors
Conditions that attract individuals to a new country, such as job opportunities or political stability.
potato famine
A period of mass starvation and emigration from Ireland during the mid-19th century, caused by a potato blight that devastated crops.
Ellis Island
The main immigration station in the United States from 1892 to 1954, where millions of immigrants were processed before entering the country.
Angel Island
The primary immigration station on the West Coast of the United States from 1910 to 1940, where many Asian immigrants were processed before entering the country.
Know Nothing Party
A political party in the United States in the 1850s that was anti-immigrant and anti-Catholic, advocating for restrictions on immigration and the rights of immigrants.
middle class
A social class made up of individuals and families with moderate income, often characterized by a stable job, home ownership, and education.
urbanization
The process of population movement from rural areas to cities, leading to the growth and expansion of urban areas.
Industrial Revolution
A period of rapid industrial growth and technological advancement that began in the late 18th century, transforming economies from agrarian to industrial and leading to significant social changes.
textiles
Manufactured fabric products produced through weaving or knitting, significant during the Industrial Revolution.
Richard Arkwright
An inventor and entrepreneur known for developing the water frame, which revolutionized the textile industry during the Industrial Revolution.
Samuel Slater
An industrialist known as the "Father of the American Industrial Revolution" for bringing British textile technology to the United States.
Sarah Bagley
A prominent labor activist and advocate for women's rights in the textile mills during the 19th century, known for her role in the Lowell Female Labor Reform Association.
John Deere
An American blacksmith and manufacturer best known for founding the Deere & Company and inventing the steel plow, which significantly improved farming efficiency.
technology
the application of scientific knowledge for practical purposes, especially in industry.
Eli Whitney
an American inventor best known for inventing the cotton gin, which revolutionized the cotton industry and increased the efficiency of cotton processing.
mass production
the process of producing large quantities of goods efficiently, typically using assembly lines and automation.
interchangeable parts
Manufactured components that are identical and can be substituted for one another in the assembly of products, facilitating mass production and repair.
tariffs
Taxes imposed on imported goods to protect domestic industries and generate revenue.
Lowell Systems
A factory system developed in the early 19th century in Lowell, Massachusetts, which employed young women to work in textile mills under strict supervision and provided housing and education.
Rhode Island System
a strategy for establishing industrial communities that involved the creation of mill villages and the employment of entire families in textiles to maximize labor efficiency and reduce payments
Lowell Girls
young women who worked in the cotton factories of Lowell, Massachusetts in the 1800s
trade unions
known as a labor union, is an organization that advocates for the interests of its members in the workplace
labor strike
a work stoppage that occurs when employees intentionally and collectivley refuse to work Strikes are usually a response to employee grievances, such as: Low wages, Inadequate benefits, and Unsafe working conditions
transportation revolution
a period in the 1800s when the United States adopted new technologies to improve transportation, including canals, steamboats, and railroads
Peter Cooper
was an American industrialist, inventor, philanthropist, and politician. He designed and built the first American steam locomotive
Robert Fulton
invention of the commercially viable steamboat, which revolutionized river transportation, enabling faster and more efficient movement of goods, thus significantly impacting the growth of American industry and westward expansion
clermont
the first steamboat in public service (1807), designed by American engineer Robert Fulton and built in New York City
Gibbons vs Ogden
was a landmark Supreme Court case where the justices ruled that the power to regulate interstate commerce, granted to Congress by the Commerce Clause, includes the power to regulate navigation, effectively preventing states from interfering with federal regulation of interstate commerce; this case stemmed from a dispute between two steamboat operators
monopoly
a market situation where a single seller or producer has no direct competitors for their products or services
Transcontinental Railroad
a railroad that connects different oceans or continental borders across a land mass
Union Pacific
constructing the first transcontinental railroad across the United States, significantly accelerating westward expansion, facilitating trade between the East and West Coast, and fostering the growth of towns and industries along its route, all while utilizing new technologies and large-scale labor forces
Central Union
The Central Union was a key company involved in the construction of the Transcontinental Railroad, aiding in the westward expansion of the United States by connecting different regions through rail travel
Robber Barron
A term used to describe unscrupulous businessmen who used exploitative practices to amass wealth during the late 19th century, often at the expense of their workers and competitors.
John D. Rockefeller
A prominent industrialist and philanthropist who co-founded the Standard Oil Company, which became a dominant force in the oil industry during the late 19th century, significantly shaping the development of the American economy and practices in corporate monopolies.
Cornelius Vanderbilt
A key figure in the Industrial Revolution, Vanderbilt was a prominent industrialist who played a vital role in the expansion of the American railroad network and shipping industry, helping to facilitate trade and westward expansion.
Promontory Point
marked the completion of the first transcontinental railroad in the United States on May 10, 1869
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