ch.21 IB History vocab

Initiative

a process that enables citizens to bypass their state legislature by placing proposed statutes and, in some states, constitutional amendments on the ballot.

Referendum

a general vote by the electorate on a single political question that has been referred to them for a direct decision.

Recall

a procedure by which voters can remove an elected official from office through a direct vote before their term has ended.

Muller v. Oregon

In 1903, Oregon passed a law that said that women could work no more than 10 hours a day in factories and laundries. A woman at Muller's laundry was required to work more than 10 hours. Muller was convicted of violating the law.

Lochner v New York

a landmark US labor law case in the US Supreme Court, holding that limits to working time violated the Fourteenth Amendment. ... Lochner is one of the most controversial decisions in the Supreme Court's history, giving its name to what is known as the Lochner era.

Meat Inspection Act

an American law that makes it a crime to adulterate or misbrand meat and meat products being sold as food and ensures that meat and meat products are slaughtered and processed under sanitary conditions.

Pure Food and Drug Act

For preventing the manufacture, sale, or transportation of adulterated or misbranded or poisonous or deleterious foods, drugs, medicines, and liquors, and for regulating traffic therein, and for other purposes.

New Nationalism

The central issue Theodore Roosevelt argued was government protection of human welfare and property rights, but TR also argued that human welfare was more important than property rights.

New Freedom

the campaign speeches and promises of Woodrow Wilson in the 1912 presidential campaign calling for limited government, and Wilson's 1913 book of the same name. The more common meaning comprises the Progressive programs enacted by Wilson as president during his first term (1913-1916), when the Democrats controlled Congress.

John Muir

Scottish-American naturalist, author, environmental philosopher, glaciologist and early advocate of preservation of wilderness in the United States.

Muckraking

journalism exposing economic, social, and political evils.

Prohibition

a ban on the production, sale, and consumption of alcohol, temporarily through state laws and the Eighteenth Amendment.

Niagara movement

African American group organized to promote racial integration, civil and political rights, and equal access to economic opportunity.

National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

organization cofounded by W.E.B. Du Bois in 1910 dedicated to restoring African American political and social rights.

Sherman Antitrust Act

The first federal antitrust measure, passed in 1890; sought to promote economic competition by prohibiting business combinations in restraint of trade or commerce.

Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914

replaced the Sherman Act and exempted unions from being construed as illegal combinations in restraint of trade, and it forbade federal courts from issuing injunctions against strikers.

Federal Reserve Act

the 1913 law that revised banking and currency by extending limited government regulation through the creation of the Federal Reserve System.

Progressivism

a national movement focused on a variety of reform initiatives, including ending corruption, a more business-like approach to government, and legislative responses to industrial excess.

Hepburn Act

an act that strengthened the Interstate Commerce Commission (ICC) by authorizing it to set maximum railroad rates and inspect financial records.

Underwood-Simmons Act of 1913

reform law that lowered tariff rates and levied the first regular federal income tax.