Final Psycho Exam

psychology

psychology

scientific study of the mind and behavior

hypothesis

a good theory produces testable predictions

placebo

basically a sugar pill that is given to the control group

neural impulse

electrical charge for neuron to communicate with each other

neurons

meant to send messages to each other; most basic building block for nervous system

cerebellum

helps with balance and coordinating movement

gender role

set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males and females

chromosomes

made up of DNA

norms

understood rules for accepted and expected behavior

culture

the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people from one generation to the next

individualist in culture

think for themselves and not worried about anyone else

collectivist in culture

think more a a group

genome

the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in the organisms chromosomes

temperament

how they react to the environment, person characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity

developmental psychology

studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan

basic trust

a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; formed during infancy any appropriate experience with responsive caregivers

object permanence

awareness objects exist even when not perceived

teratogen

toxins that harm the fetus, like drugs or alcohol

fetus

last stage, starts at a nine week and extends to birth

fixed interval

when something happens after a specific amount of time

variable interval

time is not always the same but centers around some average

operant conditioning

type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher

classical conditioning

learning associates between events we do not control

positive reinforcement

add pleasant stimulus to increase behavior

positive punishment

add unpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior

negative reinforcement

remove unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior

negative punishment

remove unpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior

observational learning

learning by observing others

behaviorism

falls within classical conditioning, the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes

group polarization

the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group

in-group bias

tendency to favor our own group (or in group)

social loafing

the concept that the people are prone to exert less effort when working collectively in group than individually

cognitive dissonance theory

when our attitudes and actions don’t match

bystander effect

the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present

fundamental attribution theory

we can relate a person behavior to either their personality or to the situation, but the error is that we usually blame their personality

self esteem

how high or low you value yourself as

personality

an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting

oedipus complex

a boy wants their mother sexually and is against the father

electra complex

a girl wants their father sexually and is against the mother

medical model

the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured

compulsion

actions that are obsessive

obsessions

thoughts you’re obsessing over

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity

major depressive disorder (MDD)

disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest of pleasure

post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdraw, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience

panic disorder

an anxiety disorder where you experience panic attacks and worry you will have a panic attack in the future

transference

the process of being transferred

name the three measures of tendency

mean, median, and mode

mean

summing up all the values in the data set and dividing by the total number of values

median

number in the middle of the dataset

mode

most common number in the dataset

a bell shaped distribution has what type of curve?

normal curve

why is it important to use random assignment?

helps control from any confounding variables or any random variable that can influence any research

what are the two main systems of the nervous system?

central (spinal cord and brain) and peripheral (everything else)

what is the function of the axon?

Is a part of a neuron that transports messages to other neurons, muscles and glands; transport messages

monozygotic twins

identical twins, come from sage egg and sperm

dizygotic

fraternal twins, come from two sets of egg and sperm

who came up with scaffolding and what is it?

lee vgostsky, a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking; guiding a child to the answer

how does negative reinforcement and punishment affect operant conditioning?

it is used to increase or decrease a certain behavior

know how came up with operant and classical conditioning

operant, B.F. Skinner; classical, Ivan Pavlov

what did milligram learn about obedience during his experiments?

if an authority figure is telling someone to do something, more people are likely to listen, people will obey authority

what is the difference between the foot in the door and door in the face phenomenon?

foot in the door, when a small request in case to then gat a person to comply to a larger request; door in face, when a large request is made and it is denied the you go for something smaller

big five factors

openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism

openness

being curious, original, intellectual, creative and open to new ideas

conscientiousness

being organized, systematic, punctual, achievement, oriented, and dependable

extraversion

being outgoing, and sociable and enjoying social situations

agreeableness

being affable, tolerant, sensitive, trusting, kind, and warm

neuroticism

being anxious, irritable, temperamental, and moody

what is the difference between the conscious and unconscious mind

conscious, thoughts and feeling we are fully aware of; unconscious, unaware of deep memories and repressed thoughts and feelings

what makes up the hierarchy of needs

psychological needs, safety needs, love and belonging, esteem, self actualization

regression

retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage, where more psychic energy remains fixated

reaction formation

switching unacceptable impulses into their oppurtunities

projection

disguising ones own threatening impulses by attributing them to others

rationalization

offering self justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for ones actions

displacement

shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person

denial

refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities

what is the difference between the medical model and biopsychosocial model?

medical model, illness needs to be diagnosed on the basis of its symptoms; biopsychosocial model, illness is based on biological, psychological and social culture influences

what is the general definition of anxiety disorders?

psychological disorder characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors and reduce anxiety