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psychology
scientific study of the mind and behavior
hypothesis
a good theory produces testable predictions
placebo
basically a sugar pill that is given to the control group
neural impulse
electrical charge for neuron to communicate with each other
neurons
meant to send messages to each other; most basic building block for nervous system
cerebellum
helps with balance and coordinating movement
gender role
set of expected behaviors, attitudes, and traits for males and females
chromosomes
made up of DNA
norms
understood rules for accepted and expected behavior
culture
the enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, values, and traditions shared by a group of people from one generation to the next
individualist in culture
think for themselves and not worried about anyone else
collectivist in culture
think more a a group
genome
the complete instructions for making an organism, consisting of all the genetic material in the organisms chromosomes
temperament
how they react to the environment, person characteristic emotional reactivity and intensity
developmental psychology
studies physical, cognitive, and social change throughout the lifespan
basic trust
a sense that the world is predictable and trustworthy; formed during infancy any appropriate experience with responsive caregivers
object permanence
awareness objects exist even when not perceived
teratogen
toxins that harm the fetus, like drugs or alcohol
fetus
last stage, starts at a nine week and extends to birth
fixed interval
when something happens after a specific amount of time
variable interval
time is not always the same but centers around some average
operant conditioning
type of learning in which a behavior becomes more likely to recur if followed by a reinforcer or less likely to recur if followed by a punisher
classical conditioning
learning associates between events we do not control
positive reinforcement
add pleasant stimulus to increase behavior
positive punishment
add unpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior
negative reinforcement
remove unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior
negative punishment
remove unpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior
observational learning
learning by observing others
behaviorism
falls within classical conditioning, the view that psychology should be an objective science that studies behavior without reference to mental processes
group polarization
the enhancement of a groups prevailing inclinations through discussion within the group
in-group bias
tendency to favor our own group (or in group)
social loafing
the concept that the people are prone to exert less effort when working collectively in group than individually
cognitive dissonance theory
when our attitudes and actions don’t match
bystander effect
the tendency for any given bystander to be less likely to give aid if other bystanders are present
fundamental attribution theory
we can relate a person behavior to either their personality or to the situation, but the error is that we usually blame their personality
self esteem
how high or low you value yourself as
personality
an individuals characteristic pattern of thinking, feeling, and acting
oedipus complex
a boy wants their mother sexually and is against the father
electra complex
a girl wants their father sexually and is against the mother
medical model
the concept that diseases have physical causes that can be diagnosed, treated, and cured
compulsion
actions that are obsessive
obsessions
thoughts you’re obsessing over
attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)
extreme inattention and/or hyperactivity and impulsivity
major depressive disorder (MDD)
disorder in which a person experiences, in the absence of drugs or another medical condition, two or more weeks with five or more symptoms, at least one of which must be either (1) depressed mood or (2) loss of interest of pleasure
post traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
a disorder characterized by haunting memories, nightmares, social withdraw, jumpy anxiety, numbness of feeling, and/or insomnia that lingers for four weeks or more after a traumatic experience
panic disorder
an anxiety disorder where you experience panic attacks and worry you will have a panic attack in the future
transference
the process of being transferred
name the three measures of tendency
mean, median, and mode
mean
summing up all the values in the data set and dividing by the total number of values
median
number in the middle of the dataset
mode
most common number in the dataset
a bell shaped distribution has what type of curve?
normal curve
why is it important to use random assignment?
helps control from any confounding variables or any random variable that can influence any research
what are the two main systems of the nervous system?
central (spinal cord and brain) and peripheral (everything else)
what is the function of the axon?
Is a part of a neuron that transports messages to other neurons, muscles and glands; transport messages
monozygotic twins
identical twins, come from sage egg and sperm
dizygotic
fraternal twins, come from two sets of egg and sperm
who came up with scaffolding and what is it?
lee vgostsky, a framework that offers children temporary support as they develop higher levels of thinking; guiding a child to the answer
how does negative reinforcement and punishment affect operant conditioning?
it is used to increase or decrease a certain behavior
know how came up with operant and classical conditioning
operant, B.F. Skinner; classical, Ivan Pavlov
what did milligram learn about obedience during his experiments?
if an authority figure is telling someone to do something, more people are likely to listen, people will obey authority
what is the difference between the foot in the door and door in the face phenomenon?
foot in the door, when a small request in case to then gat a person to comply to a larger request; door in face, when a large request is made and it is denied the you go for something smaller
big five factors
openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism
openness
being curious, original, intellectual, creative and open to new ideas
conscientiousness
being organized, systematic, punctual, achievement, oriented, and dependable
extraversion
being outgoing, and sociable and enjoying social situations
agreeableness
being affable, tolerant, sensitive, trusting, kind, and warm
neuroticism
being anxious, irritable, temperamental, and moody
what is the difference between the conscious and unconscious mind
conscious, thoughts and feeling we are fully aware of; unconscious, unaware of deep memories and repressed thoughts and feelings
what makes up the hierarchy of needs
psychological needs, safety needs, love and belonging, esteem, self actualization
regression
retreating to an earlier psychosexual stage, where more psychic energy remains fixated
reaction formation
switching unacceptable impulses into their oppurtunities
projection
disguising ones own threatening impulses by attributing them to others
rationalization
offering self justifying explanations in place of the real, more threatening unconscious reasons for ones actions
displacement
shifting sexual or aggressive impulses toward a more acceptable or less threatening object or person
denial
refusing to believe or even perceive painful realities
what is the difference between the medical model and biopsychosocial model?
medical model, illness needs to be diagnosed on the basis of its symptoms; biopsychosocial model, illness is based on biological, psychological and social culture influences
what is the general definition of anxiety disorders?
psychological disorder characterized by distressing, persistent anxiety or maladaptive behaviors and reduce anxiety